Jeremiah 51:48

וְרִנְּנ֤וּ עַל־בָּבֶל֙ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָאָ֔רֶץ וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר בָּהֶ֑ם כִּ֧י מִצָּפֹ֛ון יָבֹוא־לָ֥הּ הַשֹּׁודְדִ֖ים נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה׃

Sing aloud over Bavel, O heavens and earth and all that is in them, for from the north the destroyers shall come to her,” declares YHWH.

 

Morphology

  1. וְרִנְּנוּ (ve-rinnenu) – Root: רנן (ranan); Form: Piel imperative 2nd person masculine plural with conjunction; Translation: “Sing aloud / shout with joy”; Notes: Call to cosmic rejoicing over Babylon’s fall.
  2. עַל (ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition; Translation: “over / against”; Notes: Marks Babylon as the object of rejoicing.
  3. בָּבֶל (Bavel) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Place name feminine singular; Translation: “Bavel”; Notes: Refers to Babylon, the empire under judgment.
  4. שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) – Root: שׁמים (shamayim); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “heavens”; Notes: Personified as rejoicing witnesses of God’s justice.
  5. וָאָרֶץ (va-ʾarets) – Root: ארץ (ʾarets); Form: Conjunction + noun feminine singular; Translation: “and earth”; Notes: The whole created order joins in the chorus.
  6. וְכֹל (ve-khol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Conjunction + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “and all of”; Notes: Includes everything within creation.
  7. אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: אשׁר (ʾasher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “that / which”; Notes: Introduces relative clause about inhabitants.
  8. בָּהֶם (ba-hem) – Root: הוא (huʾ); Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “in them”; Notes: Refers to all that dwell in heaven and earth.
  9. כִּי (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for / because”; Notes: Gives reason for the rejoicing.
  10. מִצָּפון (mi-tsafon) – Root: צפון (tsafon); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “from the north”; Notes: Geographic reference to the direction of invading armies.
  11. יָבֹוא (yavoʾ) – Root: בוא (boʾ); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “shall come”; Notes: Refers to the arrival of the destroyers.
  12. לָהּ (lah) – Root: הוא (huʾ); Form: Preposition + 3rd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “to her”; Notes: Refers to Babylon.
  13. הַשֹּׁדְדִים (ha-shodedim) – Root: שׁדד (shadad); Form: Qal participle masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the destroyers”; Notes: Refers to nations or forces sent by YHWH.
  14. נְאֻם (neʾum) – Root: נאם (naʾam); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “utterance of”; Notes: Formal prophetic declaration formula.
  15. יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: Divine Name; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenantal God, source of judgment and deliverance.

 

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