וַיַּ֧עַשׂ יְהוּדָ֛ה הָרַ֖ע בְּעֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַיְקַנְא֣וּ אֹתֹ֗ו מִכֹּל֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבֹתָ֔ם בְּחַטֹּאתָ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָטָֽאוּ׃
And Yehuda did evil in the eyes of YHWH, and they provoked Him to jealousy more than all that their fathers had done, by their sins which they sinned.
Morphology
- וַיַּ֧עַשׂ (va-yaʿas) – Root: עשׂה; Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “and he did”; Notes: Narrative continuation referring to Yehudah.
- יְהוּדָ֛ה (Yehudah) – Root: יהודה; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom.
- הָרַ֖ע (ha-raʿ) – Root: רעע; Form: Definite article + noun masculine singular; Translation: “the evil”; Notes: Specific wrongdoing in the eyes of YHWH.
- בְּעֵינֵ֣י (be-ʿēnē) – Root: עין; Form: Preposition + dual noun construct; Translation: “in the eyes of”; Notes: Idiomatic expression meaning “in the judgment of.”
- יְהוָ֑ה (YHWH) – Root: Divine name; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: Covenant name of Israel’s God.
- וַיְקַנְא֣וּ (va-yeqanʾū) – Root: קנא; Form: Piel wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they provoked to jealousy”; Notes: Refers to Yehudah provoking YHWH by their actions.
- אֹתֹ֗ו (ʾōtō) – Root: את; Form: Direct object marker with 3ms suffix; Translation: “Him”; Notes: Refers to YHWH.
- מִכֹּל (mi-kol) – Root: כל; Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “more than all”; Notes: Comparative expression.
- אֲשֶׁ֣ר (ʾăsher) – Root: אשר; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “that/which”; Notes: Introduces relative clause.
- עָשׂ֣וּ (ʿāśū) – Root: עשׂה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they did”; Notes: Refers to the actions of the forefathers.
- אֲבֹתָ֔ם (ʾavōtām) – Root: אב; Form: Plural noun with 3mp suffix; Translation: “their fathers”; Notes: Refers to earlier generations of Israelites.
- בְּחַטֹּאתָ֖ם (be-ḥaṭṭōtām) – Root: חטא; Form: Preposition + feminine plural noun with 3mp suffix; Translation: “by their sins”; Notes: Instrumental expression of offense.
- אֲשֶׁ֥ר (ʾăsher) – Root: אשר; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces further qualification.
- חָטָֽאוּ (ḥāṭāʾū) – Root: חטא; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they sinned”; Notes: Refers to the specific wrongdoing of the fathers.