וְגַם֩ דָּ֨ם נָקִ֜י שָׁפַ֤ךְ מְנַשֶּׁה֙ הַרְבֵּ֣ה מְאֹ֔ד עַ֛ד אֲשֶׁר־מִלֵּ֥א אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם פֶּ֣ה לָפֶ֑ה לְבַ֤ד מֵֽחַטָּאתֹו֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֶחֱטִ֣יא אֶת־יְהוּדָ֔ה לַעֲשֹׂ֥ות הָרַ֖ע בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
And also, Menashshe shed very much innocent blood, until he had filled Yerushalayim from one end to another, besides his sin by which he made Yehuda to sin, to do what is evil in the eyes of YHWH.
Morphology
- וְגַם֩ (ve-gam) – Root: גם (gam); Form: Conjunction + adverb; Translation: “And also”; Notes: Introduces an additional charge.
- דָּ֨ם נָקִ֜י (dam naqi) – Root: דם (dam), נקה (naqi); Form: Noun masculine singular + adjective masculine singular; Translation: “innocent blood”; Notes: Refers to unjust violence, possibly against prophets or the righteous.
- שָׁפַ֤ךְ (shafakh) – Root: שפך (shafakh); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he shed”; Notes: Violent spilling of blood.
- מְנַשֶּׁה֙ (Menashsheh) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Masculine singular; Translation: “Menashsheh”; Notes: The king of Yehudah, agent of the crimes.
- הַרְבֵּ֣ה מְאֹ֔ד (harbeh meʾod) – Root: רבה (ravah), מאד (meʾod); Form: Adverbial phrase; Translation: “very much”; Notes: Emphasizes the excessiveness of the bloodshed.
- עַ֛ד (ʿad) – Root: עד (ʿad); Form: Preposition; Translation: “until”; Notes: Introduces a limit or extent.
- אֲשֶׁר־מִלֵּ֥א (asher-mille) – Root: מלא (maleʾ); Form: Relative pronoun + Piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “that he filled”; Notes: Refers to the overwhelming amount of bloodshed.
- אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם (et-Yerushalayim) – Root: ירושלם (Yerushalayim); Form: Direct object marker + proper noun; Translation: “Yerushalayim”; Notes: The city filled with innocent blood.
- פֶּ֣ה לָפֶ֑ה (peh lafeh) – Root: פה (peh); Form: Noun masculine singular in poetic repetition; Translation: “from mouth to mouth” / “from end to end”; Notes: Idiomatic expression of totality.
- לְבַ֤ד (levad) – Root: בדד (badad); Form: Preposition/adverb; Translation: “besides” / “apart from”; Notes: Introduces an additional, separate offense.
- מֵֽחַטָּאתֹו֙ (me-ḥattaʾto) – Root: חטא (ḥaṭa); Form: Preposition + noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “from his sin”; Notes: Refers to his leading of Yehudah into idolatry.
- אֲשֶׁ֣ר (ʾasher) – Root: אשר (ʾasher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces subordinate clause about guilt.
- הֶחֱטִ֣יא (heḥeti) – Root: חטא (ḥaṭa); Form: Hifil perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he caused to sin”; Notes: Expresses causative role in national apostasy.
- אֶת־יְהוּדָ֔ה (et-Yehudah) – Root: יהודה (Yehudah); Form: Direct object marker + proper noun; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: The southern kingdom led astray.
- לַעֲשֹׂ֥ות (laʿasot) – Root: עשה (ʿasah); Form: Preposition + infinitive construct; Translation: “to do”; Notes: Purpose clause indicating result of sin.
- הָרַ֖ע (ha-raʿ) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the evil”; Notes: Refers to moral and spiritual rebellion.
- בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה (be-ʿeinei YHWH) – Root: עין (ʿayin); Form: Preposition + plural noun in construct + proper noun; Translation: “in the eyes of YHWH”; Notes: Standard biblical idiom for divine evaluation.