Ezekiel 22:3

וְאָמַרְתָּ֗ כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה עִ֣יר שֹׁפֶ֥כֶת דָּ֛ם בְּתֹוכָ֖הּ לָבֹ֣וא עִתָּ֑הּ וְעָשְׂתָ֧ה גִלּוּלִ֛ים עָלֶ֖יהָ לְטָמְאָֽה׃

And you shall say, ‘Thus says the Lord YHWH: “A city shedding blood in her midst, for her time has come, and she has made idols upon her to defile herself.

Morphology

1. וְאָמַרְתָּ (ve-amarta) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person masculine singular with prefixed וְ; Translation: “And you shall say”; Notes: Prophetic command formula introducing YHWH’s oracle.
2. כֹּה (koh) – Root: demonstrative; Form: Adverb; Translation: “thus”; Notes: Standard prophetic introduction indicating the content of divine speech.
3. אָמַר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “says”; Notes: Divine declaration formula paired with “koh.”
4. אֲדֹנָי (ʾadonai) – Root: אדן (ʾadon); Form: Noun “lord” with 1st person singular suffix (plene spelling); Translation: “my Lord”; Notes: Title of divine sovereignty, paired with YHWH in Ezekiel.
5. יְהוִה (YHWH) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Proper divine name; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The Tetragrammaton, covenant name of Israel’s God.
6. עִיר (ʿir) – Root: עיר (ʿir); Form: Noun feminine singular absolute; Translation: “city”; Notes: Refers contextually to Jerusalem.
7. שֹׁפֶכֶת (shofekhet) – Root: שׁפך (shafakh); Form: Qal participle feminine singular; Translation: “shedding”; Notes: Continuous action, describing ongoing bloodshed.
8. דָּם (dam) – Root: דם (dam); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “blood”; Notes: Symbol of violent guilt, bloodshed of innocents.
9. בְּתֹוכָהּ (be-tokhah) – Root: תוך (tokh); Form: Preposition בְ + noun masculine singular with 3rd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “in her midst”; Notes: Indicates location of crime within the city.
10. לָבֹוא (la-vo) – Root: בוא (bo); Form: Infinitive construct with preposition לְ; Translation: “for coming / has come”; Notes: Expresses the arrival of the appointed time.
11. עִתָּהּ (ittah) – Root: עת (ʿet); Form: Noun feminine singular with 3rd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “her time”; Notes: Refers to the time of judgment.
12. וְעָשְׂתָה (ve-ʿasetah) – Root: עשה (ʿasah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular with prefixed וְ; Translation: “and she has made”; Notes: Refers to deliberate idolatrous actions of the city.
13. גִלּוּלִים (gillulim) – Root: גלל (galal); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “idols”; Notes: Derogatory term for idols, linked to refuse or detestable things.
14. עָלֶיהָ (ʿaleha) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition עַל + third person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “upon her”; Notes: Indicates idols placed upon or associated with her (the city).
15. לְטָמְאָה (le-tameʾah) – Root: טמא (ṭameʾ); Form: Piel infinitive construct with preposition לְ; Translation: “to defile herself”; Notes: Indicates purpose or result of idolatry—ritual and moral pollution.