גַּם־יְהוּדָ֕ה לֹ֣א שָׁמַ֔ר אֶת־מִצְוֹ֖ת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֑ם וַיֵּ֣לְכ֔וּ בְּחֻקֹּ֥ות יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשֽׂוּ׃
Also Yehuda did not keep the commandments of YHWH their God, but they walked in the statutes of Yisraʾel which they had made.
Morphology
- גַּם (gam) – Root: גם (gam); Form: Adverb; Translation: “also”; Notes: Introduces Yehudah as sharing in the same guilt as Yisraʾel.
- יְהוּדָה (Yehudah) – Root: יהודה (Yehudah); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Negative particle; Translation: “did not”; Notes: Denies the following verb.
- שָׁמַר (shamar) – Root: שׁמר (shamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “keep” or “guard”; Notes: Refers to covenantal obedience.
- אֶת־מִצְוֹת (et-mitsvot) – Root: צוה (tsavah); Form: Direct object marker + noun feminine plural in construct; Translation: “the commandments of”; Notes: Refers to the divine commands of YHWH.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: היה (h-y-h); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The God of the covenant.
- אֱלֹהֵיהֶם (ʾEloheihem) – Root: אלוה (ʾEloah); Form: Construct plural noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their God”; Notes: Personal relationship implied in the possessive form.
- וַיֵּלְכוּ (va-yeleḵu) – Root: הלך (halakh); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they walked”; Notes: A figurative phrase for conducting one’s life.
- בְּחֻקֹּות (be-ḥuqqot) – Root: חקק (ḥaqaq); Form: Preposition + noun feminine plural construct; Translation: “in the statutes of”; Notes: Refers to religious customs or regulations.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the northern kingdom, which had gone astray.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: אשר (ʾasher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces a relative clause describing the statutes.
- עָשׂוּ (ʿasu) – Root: עשׂה (ʿasah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they had made”; Notes: Indicates man-made religious laws, not divine statutes.