כִּ֤י כָשְׁלָה֙ יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וִיהוּדָ֖ה נָפָ֑ל כִּֽי־לְשֹׁונָ֤ם וּמַֽעַלְלֵיהֶם֙ אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה לַמְרֹ֖ות עֵנֵ֥י כְבֹודֹֽו׃
For Yerushalayim has stumbled and Yehuda has fallen, because their tongue and their deeds are against YHWH, to provoke the eyes of His glory.
Morphology
- כִּי (ki) – Root: כי; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for”; Notes: Introduces the reason or cause for what follows.
- כָשְׁלָה (kashlah) – Root: כשׁל; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “has stumbled”; Notes: Refers to moral or political failure, especially of Yerushalayim.
- יְרוּשָׁלִַם (Yerushalayim) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Feminine singular; Translation: “Yerushalayim”; Notes: Personified as a woman throughout prophetic literature.
- וִיהוּדָה (vi-Yehudah) – Root: יהודה; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “and Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom of Yisraʾel.
- נָפָל (nafal) – Root: נפל; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “has fallen”; Notes: Parallel to “has stumbled,” indicating collapse or defeat.
- כִּי־לְשׁוֹנָם (ki-leshonam) – Root: לשׁון; Form: Conjunction + noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “because their tongue”; Notes: Speech is portrayed as a source of rebellion.
- וּמַעַלְלֵיהֶם (u-maʿalleleihem) – Root: עלל; Form: Conjunction + noun masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “and their deeds”; Notes: Refers to their actions in conjunction with their speech.
- אֶל־יְהוָה (el-YHWH) – Root: אל; Form: Preposition + proper noun; Translation: “against YHWH”; Notes: Their words and deeds are directed in defiance toward God.
- לַמְרֹות (la-merot) – Root: מרה; Form: Preposition + Qal infinitive construct; Translation: “to provoke” or “to rebel”; Notes: Indicates intentional defiance.
- עֵנֵי (ʿenei) – Root: עין; Form: Noun feminine plural construct; Translation: “the eyes of”; Notes: Anthropomorphic expression of YHWH’s awareness or presence.
- כְבוֹדוֹ (kevodo) – Root: כבד; Form: Noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “His glory”; Notes: Refers to YHWH’s divine majesty.