Exodus 10:23

לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗יו וְלֹא־קָ֛מוּ אִ֥ישׁ מִתַּחְתָּ֖יו שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֑ים וּֽלְכָל־בְּנֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל הָ֥יָה אֹ֖ור בְּמֹושְׁבֹתָֽם׃

No one could see his brother, nor did anyone rise from his place for three days, but for all the children of Yisra’el there was light in their dwellings.

Morphology

1. לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ (lo-raʾu) – Root: ראה (r-ʾ-h); Form: Negative particle + Verb, Qal, Perfect, 3mp; Translation: “They did not see”; Notes: Describes the inability to see due to the darkness.
2. אִ֣ישׁ (ʾish) – Root: איש (ʾ-y-sh); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “A man”; Notes: Refers to individuals among the Egyptians.
3. אֶת־אָחִ֗יו (et-aḥiv) – Root: אח (ʾ-ḥ); Form: Direct object marker + Noun, masculine singular construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “His brother”; Notes: Indicates a lack of visual contact even among close relations.
4. וְלֹא־קָ֛מוּ (velo-qamu) – Root: קום (q-w-m); Form: Conjunction + Negative particle + Verb, Qal, Perfect, 3mp; Translation: “Nor did they rise”; Notes: Refers to the inability to move due to the oppressive darkness.
5. אִ֥ישׁ (ʾish) – Root: איש (ʾ-y-sh); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “A man”; Notes: Refers again to individuals among the Egyptians.
6. מִתַּחְתָּ֖יו (mitaḥtav) – Root: תחת (t-ḥ-t); Form: Preposition + Noun, masculine singular construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “From his place”; Notes: Indicates immobility during the plague.
7. שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת (sheloshet) – Root: שלש (sh-l-sh); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct; Translation: “Three”; Notes: Specifies the duration of the darkness.
8. יָמִ֑ים (yamim) – Root: יום (y-w-m); Form: Noun, masculine plural; Translation: “Days”; Notes: Completes the expression of time.
9. וּֽלְכָל־בְּנֵ֧י (ul-khol-benei) – Root: בן (b-n); Form: Conjunction + Preposition + Noun, masculine plural construct; Translation: “But for all the children of”; Notes: Contrasts the situation of Yisra’el with the Egyptians.
10. יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל (Yisra’el) – Root: שׂרה (s-r-h) + אל (ʾ-l); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yisra’el”; Notes: Refers to the nation of Israel.
11. הָ֥יָה (hayah) – Root: היה (h-y-h); Form: Verb, Qal, Perfect, 3ms; Translation: “There was”; Notes: Indicates the presence of light among Yisra’el.
12. אֹ֖ור (ʾor) – Root: אור (ʾ-w-r); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “Light”; Notes: Refers to the contrasting condition in the dwellings of Yisra’el.
13. בְּמֹושְׁבֹתָֽם׃ (bemoshvotam) – Root: ישב (y-sh-b); Form: Preposition + Noun, masculine plural construct + 3mp suffix; Translation: “In their dwellings”; Notes: Refers to the places where the children of Yisra’el lived.