וָאֶקְרָ֨א חֹ֜רֶב עַל־הָאָ֣רֶץ וְעַל־הֶהָרִ֗ים וְעַל־הַדָּגָן֙ וְעַל־הַתִּירֹ֣ושׁ וְעַל־הַיִּצְהָ֔ר וְעַ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֹּוצִ֖יא הָאֲדָמָ֑ה וְעַל־הָֽאָדָם֙ וְעַל־הַבְּהֵמָ֔ה וְעַ֖ל כָּל־יְגִ֥יעַ כַּפָּֽיִם׃ ס
And I called for dryness upon the land, and upon the mountains, and upon the grain, and upon the new wine, and upon the oil, and upon what the ground brings forth, and upon the man, and upon the beast, and upon all the labor of hands.”
Morphology
- וָאֶקְרָא (va-eqra) – Root: קרא (qara); Form: Conjunction + Qal imperfect 1cs with vav-consecutive (wayyiqtol — narrative past); Translation: “And I called”; Notes: YHWH speaks of a deliberate divine action that summons drought.
- חֹרֶב (ḥorev) – Root: חרב (ḥarav); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “dryness”; Notes: Often associated with drought as divine judgment.
- עַל (ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition; Translation: “upon”; Notes: Introduces the targets of the divine drought.
- הָאָרֶץ (ha-aretz) – Root: ארץ (ʾaretz); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the land”; Notes: Broad territorial reference.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Continues the list rhythmically.
- הֶהָרִים (he-harim) – Root: הר (har); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Elevated regions also affected by drought.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Repetitive structure emphasizes totality.
- הַדָּגָן (ha-dagan) – Root: דגן (dagan); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the grain”; Notes: Major agricultural staple.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: The repeated “upon” creates prophetic cadence.
- הַתִּירֹושׁ (ha-tirosh) – Root: תירש (tirosh); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the new wine”; Notes: Symbol of agricultural blessing.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Continues divine judgment list.
- הַיִּצְהָר (ha-yits’har) – Root: צהר (tsahar); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the oil”; Notes: Refers to olive oil, another key crop.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis.
- אֲשֶׁר (asher) – Root: אשר (ʾasher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “what”; Notes: Introduces what the ground produces.
- תֹּוצִיא (totzi) – Root: יצא (yatsa); Form: Hiphil imperfect 3fs; Translation: “brings forth”; Notes: Feminine verb matches הָאֲדָמָה.
- הָאֲדָמָה (ha-adamah) – Root: אדם (adam); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the ground”; Notes: Agricultural soil.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Extends judgment to human labor.
- הָאָדָם (ha-adam) – Root: אדם (adam); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the man”; Notes: Humanity as worker and sufferer.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Includes livestock in the judgment.
- הַבְּהֵמָה (ha-behemah) – Root: בהם (beham); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the beast”; Notes: Domestic animals dependent on agriculture.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Culminating list item.
- כָּל (kol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “all of”; Notes: Total inclusiveness.
- יְגִיעַ (yegia) – Root: יגע (yagaʿ); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “labor / toil”; Notes: Physical effort expended by humans.
- כַּפָּיִם (kapayim) – Root: כף (kaf); Form: Noun feminine dual; Translation: “hands”; Notes: Symbol of work; dual form preserved.