Ḥaggai 2:22

וְהָֽפַכְתִּי֙ כִּסֵּ֣א מַמְלָכֹ֔ות וְהִ֨שְׁמַדְתִּ֔י חֹ֖זֶק מַמְלְכֹ֣ות הַגֹּויִ֑ם וְהָפַכְתִּ֤י מֶרְכָּבָה֙ וְרֹ֣כְבֶ֔יהָ וְיָרְד֤וּ סוּסִים֙ וְרֹ֣כְבֵיהֶ֔ם אִ֖ישׁ בְּחֶ֥רֶב אָחִֽיו׃

And I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations; and I will overthrow the chariot and its rider, and horses and their riders shall come down, each man by the sword of his brother.’

Morphology

1. וְהָפַכְתִּי (ve-hafakhti) – Root: הפך (h-p-k); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 1cs; Translation: “And I will overthrow”; Notes: YHWH declares decisive reversal and collapse of worldly power.
2. כִּסֵּא (kisse) – Root: כסה (k-s-h); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “throne”; Notes: Symbol of royal authority and sovereignty.
3. מַמְלָכֹות (mamlakhot) – Root: מלך (m-l-k); Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “kingdoms”; Notes: Refers to geopolitical powers.
4. וְהִשְׁמַדְתִּי (ve-hishmadti) – Root: שׁמד (sh-m-d); Form: Conjunction וְ + Hiphil perfect 1cs; Translation: “and I will destroy”; Notes: Indicates deliberate divine annihilation of power structures.
5. חֹזֶק (ḥozeq) – Root: חזק (ḥ-z-q); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “strength”; Notes: Refers to military or political might.
6. מַמְלְכֹות (mamlekḥot) – Root: מלך (m-l-k); Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “kingdoms”; Notes: Parallel to earlier use, emphasizing global upheaval.
7. הַגֹּויִם (ha-goyim) – Root: גוי (g-w-y); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the nations”; Notes: Refers to foreign political powers.
8. וְהָפַכְתִּי (ve-hafakhti) – Root: הפך (h-p-k); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 1cs; Translation: “and I will overthrow”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis—total military collapse.
9. מֶרְכָּבָה (merkavah) – Root: רכב (r-k-b); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “chariot”; Notes: Represents elite military technology.
10. וְרֹכְבֶיהָ (ve-rokheveha) – Root: רכב (r-k-b); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal participle masculine plural + 3fs suffix; Translation: “and its riders”; Notes: Those who operate the chariots—military personnel.
11. וְיָרְדוּ (ve-yardu) – Root: ירד (y-r-d); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3mp; Translation: “and they shall come down”; Notes: Indicates defeat or downfall.
12. סוּסִים (susim) – Root: סוס (s-w-s); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “horses”; Notes: War animals essential to ancient military operations.
13. וְרֹכְבֵיהֶם (ve-rokhvehem) – Root: רכב (r-k-b); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal participle masculine plural + 3mp suffix; Translation: “and their riders”; Notes: Emphasizes mass collapse of enemy forces.
14. אִישׁ (ish) – Root: אישׁ (ʾ-y-sh); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “each man”; Notes: Introduces mutual destruction among the enemy.
15. בְּחֶרֶב (be-ḥerev) – Root: חרב (ḥ-r-v); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “by the sword”; Notes: Instrument of mutual slaughter.
16. אָחִיו (aḥiv) – Root: אח (ʾ-ḥ); Form: Noun masculine singular construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “of his brother”; Notes: Internal collapse—civil war among enemy forces.