וַיָּ֣עַד יְהוָ֡ה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל וּבִיהוּדָ֡ה בְּיַד֩ כָּל־נְבִיאָ֨ו כָל־חֹזֶ֜ה לֵאמֹ֗ר שֻׁ֝֩בוּ מִדַּרְכֵיכֶ֤ם הָֽרָעִים֙ וְשִׁמְרוּ֙ מִצְוֹתַ֣י חֻקֹּותַ֔י כְּכָ֨ל־הַתֹּורָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּ֖יתִי אֶת־אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶ֑ם וַֽאֲשֶׁר֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֔ם בְּיַ֖ד עֲבָדַ֥י הַנְּבִיאִֽים׃
And YHWH warned Yisraʾel and Yehuda by the hand of every prophet, every seer, saying, “Turn back from your evil ways, and keep My commandments and My statutes, according to all the Torah that I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by the hand of My servants the prophets.”
Morphology
- וַיָּעַד (va-yaʿad) – Root: יעד (yaʿad); Form: Hifil wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “And He warned”; Notes: Hifil stem here expresses a formal, serious warning or admonition.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: היה (h-y-h); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenantal name of the God of Yisraʾel.
- בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל (be-Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Preposition בְּ + proper noun; Translation: “in Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the northern kingdom.
- וּבִיהוּדָה (u-vi-Yehudah) – Root: יהודה (Yehudah); Form: Conjunction + preposition + proper noun; Translation: “and in Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom.
- בְּיַד (be-yad) – Root: יד (yad); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “by the hand of”; Notes: Denotes agency or instrumentality.
- כָּל־נְבִיאָו (kol-neviʾav) – Root: נבא (navi); Form: Construct noun plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “all His prophets”; Notes: Emissaries of YHWH’s word.
- כָּל־חֹזֶה (kol-ḥozeh) – Root: חזה (ḥazah); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “every seer”; Notes: A synonym for prophet, emphasizing visionary revelation.
- לֵאמֹר (leʾemor) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Infinitive construct; Translation: “saying”; Notes: Introduces direct speech from YHWH.
- שֻׁבוּ (shuvu) – Root: שוב (shuv); Form: Qal imperative masculine plural; Translation: “Turn back!”; Notes: A call to repentance.
- מִדַּרְכֵיכֶם (mi-darkekhem) – Root: דרך (derekh); Form: Preposition מִן + noun construct plural + 2nd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “from your ways”; Notes: Refers to lifestyle or conduct.
- הָרָעִים (haraʿim) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Adjective masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the evil”; Notes: Qualifies “your ways.”
- וְשִׁמְרוּ (ve-shimru) – Root: שמר (shamar); Form: Qal imperative masculine plural; Translation: “and keep!”; Notes: Refers to obedience and covenantal faithfulness.
- מִצְוֹתַי (mitsvotai) – Root: צוה (tsavah); Form: Noun feminine plural + 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “My commandments”; Notes: Legal and moral instructions from YHWH.
- חֻקֹּתַי (ḥuqqotai) – Root: חקק (ḥaqaq); Form: Noun feminine plural + 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “My statutes”; Notes: Decrees or laws established by divine authority.
- כְּכָל־הַתּוֹרָה (ke-khol ha-Torah) – Root: ירה (yarah); Form: Preposition + noun feminine singular with definite article; Translation: “according to all the Torah”; Notes: Refers to the body of divine instruction.
- אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִי (asher tsivviti) – Root: צוה (tsavah); Form: Relative pronoun + Piel perfect 1st person singular; Translation: “which I commanded”; Notes: YHWH’s command given in the past.
- אֶת־אֲבֹתֵיכֶם (et-avoteikhem) – Root: אב (av); Form: Direct object marker + plural noun + 2nd person plural suffix; Translation: “your fathers”; Notes: Refers to ancestral generations of Yisraʾel.
- וַאֲשֶׁר שָׁלַחְתִּי (va-ʾasher shalaḥti) – Root: שלח (shalaḥ); Form: Conjunction + relative pronoun + Qal perfect 1st person singular; Translation: “and which I sent”; Notes: Refers to the prophetic message delivery.
- אֲלֵיכֶם (aleikhem) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition + 2nd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “to you”; Notes: Direct address to Yisraʾel and Yehudah.
- בְּיַד (be-yad) – Root: יד (yad); Form: Preposition + noun; Translation: “by the hand of”; Notes: Instrumental usage again.
- עֲבָדַי (ʿavaday) – Root: עבד (ʿeved); Form: Noun masculine plural + 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “My servants”; Notes: Refers to the prophets as YHWH’s emissaries.
- הַנְּבִיאִים (ha-neviʾim) – Root: נבא (navi); Form: Noun masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “the prophets”; Notes: Culminates the warning chain from YHWH through His servants.