Isaiah 1:8

וְנֹותְרָ֥ה בַת־צִיֹּ֖ון כְּסֻכָּ֣ה בְכָ֑רֶם כִּמְלוּנָ֥ה בְמִקְשָׁ֖ה כְּעִ֥יר נְצוּרָֽה׃

And the daughter of Tsiyyon is left like a shelter in a vineyard, like a lodge in a cucumber field, like a besieged city.

Morphology

1. וְנֹותְרָה (ve-notrah) – Root: יתר; Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “and is left”; Notes: Describes the remnant condition of Tsiyyon, left exposed and isolated.
2. בַת־צִיּוֹן (bat-Tsiyyon) – Root: בת / ציון; Form: Construct noun feminine singular + proper noun; Translation: “daughter of Tsiyyon”; Notes: A poetic expression for the city or people of Yerushalayim.
3. כְּסֻכָּה (ke-sukkah) – Root: סכך; Form: Preposition כְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “like a shelter”; Notes: Temporary structure, emphasizing vulnerability.
4. בְּכָרֶם (be-karem) – Root: כרם; Form: Preposition בְּ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “in a vineyard”; Notes: Location of the fragile shelter.
5. כִּמְלוּנָה (kimlunah) – Root: לון; Form: Preposition כְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “like a lodge”; Notes: A hut for watching fields, implying impermanence.
6. בְּמִקְשָׁה (be-miqshah) – Root: מקשׁ; Form: Preposition בְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “in a cucumber field”; Notes: Agricultural imagery; unprotected and desolate.
7. כְּעִיר (ke-ʿir) – Root: עיר; Form: Preposition כְּ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “like a city”; Notes: Begins the final simile.
8. נְצוּרָה (netsurah) – Root: נצר; Form: Qal passive participle feminine singular; Translation: “besieged”; Notes: The city is surrounded, cut off, and under threat—continuing the image of isolation and danger.