Isaiah 13:10

כִּֽי־כֹוכְבֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ וּכְסִ֣ילֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א יָהֵ֖לּוּ אֹורָ֑ם חָשַׁ֤ךְ הַשֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ בְּצֵאתֹ֔ו וְיָרֵ֖חַ לֹֽא־יַגִּ֥יהַ אֹורֹֽו׃

For the stars of the heavens and their constellations shall not give their light; the sun shall be dark at its going out, and the moon shall not shine its light.

Morphology

1. כִּי (ki) – Root: כי; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “For”; Notes: Introduces a reason or explanatory clause.
2. כֹוכְבֵי (kokhvei) – Root: כוכב (kokhav); Form: Construct noun masculine plural; Translation: “stars of”; Notes: Celestial lights often associated with cosmic order.
3. הַשָּׁמַיִם (ha-shamayim) – Root: שׁמים (shamayim); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the heavens”; Notes: The sky or celestial realm.
4. וּכְסִילֵיהֶם (u-khesileihem) – Root: כּסיל (kesil); Form: Conjunction + construct noun masculine plural + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “and their constellations”; Notes: Possibly refers to Orion or bright stars; denotes constellations or heavenly bodies.
5. לֹא (lo) – Root: לא; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Denies the following action.
6. יָהֵלּוּ (yahelu) – Root: הלל (halal); Form: Hifil imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “shall give light”; Notes: Implies emitting brightness or radiance.
7. אֹורָם (oram) – Root: אור (or); Form: Noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their light”; Notes: Refers to the stars and constellations.
8. חָשַׁךְ (ḥashakh) – Root: חשׁך (ḥashakh); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “has become dark”; Notes: Describes the cessation of light.
9. הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ (ha-shemesh) – Root: שׁמש (shemesh); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the sun”; Notes: Central celestial body, now affected by divine judgment.
10. בְּצֵאתֹו (be-tseto) – Root: יצא (yatza); Form: Preposition + construct infinitive + 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “at its going out”; Notes: Refers to the time of sunrise or shining forth.
11. וְיָרֵחַ (ve-yareach) – Root: ירח (yareach); Form: Conjunction + noun masculine singular; Translation: “and the moon”; Notes: Secondary luminary in biblical cosmology.
12. לֹא־יַגִּיהַ (lo-yaggiyaḥ) – Root: נגה (nagah); Form: Hifil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with negative particle; Translation: “shall not shine”; Notes: Expresses complete absence of moonlight.
13. אֹורֹו (oro) – Root: אור (or); Form: Noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “its light”; Notes: Refers to the moon’s illumination, now withheld.