שְׁאֹ֗ול מִתַּ֛חַת רָגְזָ֥ה לְךָ֖ לִקְרַ֣את בֹּואֶ֑ךָ עֹורֵ֨ר לְךָ֤ רְפָאִים֙ כָּל־עַתּ֣וּדֵי אָ֔רֶץ הֵקִים֙ מִכִּסְאֹותָ֔ם כֹּ֖ל מַלְכֵ֥י גֹויִֽם׃
Sheʾol from beneath trembled for you to meet your coming; it rouses for you the shades, all the chiefs of the earth; it raises from their thrones all the kings of the nations.
Morphology
- שְׁאֹול (Sheʾol) – Root: שׁאל (possibly related to “ask” or “inquire”); Form: Proper noun feminine singular; Translation: “Sheʾol” (the underworld); Notes: The abode of the dead in Hebrew cosmology.
- מִתַּחַת (mi-takhat) – Root: תחת; Form: Preposition; Translation: “from beneath”; Notes: Locational reference to Sheʾol being beneath the earth.
- רָגְזָה (ragzah) – Root: רגז (ragaz); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “trembled” or “was agitated”; Notes: Describes a disturbed state of the underworld.
- לְךָ (lekha) – Root: אתה; Form: Preposition + 2nd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “for you”; Notes: Addressing the fallen king being welcomed into Sheʾol.
- לִקְרַאת (likrat) – Root: קרא (qara); Form: Preposition + infinitive construct; Translation: “to meet”; Notes: Implies an anticipated or hostile reception.
- בֹּואֶךָ (boʾekha) – Root: בוא (bo); Form: Infinitive construct + 2nd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “your coming”; Notes: Refers to descent into the realm of the dead.
- עֹורֵר (ʿorer) – Root: עור (ʿur); Form: Hifil participle masculine singular; Translation: “it rouses”; Notes: Describes Sheʾol stirring the dead in anticipation.
- לְךָ (lekha) – Root: אתה; Form: Preposition + 2nd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “for you”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis.
- רְפָאִים (refaʾim) – Root: רפא (rafa); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “shades” or “ghosts”; Notes: Refers to spirits of the dead in Sheʾol.
- כָּל־עַתּוּדֵי (kol-ʿatudey) – Root: עתד (ʿatad); Form: Construct phrase: “all the leaders of”; Translation: “all the chiefs of”; Notes: “Attudim” denotes rams, figuratively leaders.
- אָ֔רֶץ (ʾaretz) – Root: ארץ (ʾerets); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “earth”; Notes: Opposite of Sheʾol, the land of the living.
- הֵקִים (heqim) – Root: קום (qum); Form: Hifil perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he raised”; Notes: Refers to Sheʾol raising kings metaphorically from their thrones.
- מִכִּסְאֹותָם (mi-kisʾotam) – Root: כסא (kisse); Form: Preposition + noun masculine plural + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “from their thrones”; Notes: Symbolic of their former rule now humbled.
- כֹּל מַלְכֵי גֹּויִם (kol-malkey goyim) – Root: מלך (melekh) + גוי (goy); Form: Construct phrase; Translation: “all the kings of the nations”; Notes: The dead kings rising in Sheʾol to greet the newly fallen monarch.