Exodus 20:18 (Exodus 20:15)

וְכָל־הָעָם֩ רֹאִ֨ים אֶת־הַקֹּולֹ֜ת וְאֶת־הַלַּפִּידִ֗ם וְאֵת֙ קֹ֣ול הַשֹּׁפָ֔ר וְאֶת־הָהָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן וַיַּ֤רְא הָעָם֙ וַיָּנֻ֔עוּ וַיַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽרָחֹֽק׃

And all the people were seeing the thunder and the flashes of lightning, and the sound of the shofar, and the mountain smoking. And the people saw and trembled and stood at a distance.

Morphology

1. וְכָל־הָעָם֩ (v’chol-ha’am) – Root: עם (ʿ-m); Form: Conjunction + Noun, masculine singular construct with definite article; Translation: “And all the people”; Notes: Refers to the collective assembly of Israel.
2. רֹאִ֨ים (ro’im) – Root: ראה (r-ʾ-h); Form: Verb, Qal, Participle, masculine plural; Translation: “Were seeing”; Notes: Indicates continuous perception.
3. אֶת־הַקֹּולֹ֜ת (et-haqolot) – Root: קול (q-w-l); Form: Direct object marker + Noun, masculine plural absolute with definite article; Translation: “The thunder”; Notes: Highlights the auditory phenomenon.
4. וְאֶת־הַלַּפִּידִ֗ם (v’et-hallapidim) – Root: לפד (l-p-d); Form: Conjunction + Direct object marker + Noun, masculine plural absolute with definite article; Translation: “And the flashes of lightning”; Notes: Refers to the visual manifestation of divine power.
5. וְאֵת֙ (v’et) – Root: N/A; Form: Conjunction + Direct object marker; Translation: “And”; Notes: Connects additional elements to the previous objects.
6. קֹ֣ול (qol) – Root: קול (q-w-l); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute; Translation: “Sound”; Notes: Refers to the shofar’s sound.
7. הַשֹּׁפָ֔ר (hashofar) – Root: שופר (sh-w-p-r); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “The shofar”; Notes: An instrument used for ritual and symbolic purposes.
8. וְאֶת־הָהָ֖ר (v’et-hahar) – Root: הר (h-r); Form: Conjunction + Direct object marker + Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “And the mountain”; Notes: Refers to Mount Sinai.
9. עָשֵׁ֑ן (ʿashen) – Root: עשן (ʿ-sh-n); Form: Verb, Qal, Participle, masculine singular; Translation: “Smoking”; Notes: Describes the visual effect of divine presence.
10. וַיַּ֤רְא (vayyar) – Root: ראה (r-ʾ-h); Form: Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 3ms with vav consecutive; Translation: “And they saw”; Notes: Continues the narrative of sensory experience.
11. הָעָם֙ (ha’am) – Root: עם (ʿ-m); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “The people”; Notes: Subject of the sensory action.
12. וַיָּנֻ֔עוּ (vayyanuʿu) – Root: נוע (n-w-ʿ); Form: Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 3mp with vav consecutive; Translation: “And they trembled”; Notes: Indicates physical reaction to fear.
13. וַיַּֽעַמְד֖וּ (vayyaʿamdu) – Root: עמד (ʿ-m-d); Form: Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 3mp with vav consecutive; Translation: “And they stood”; Notes: Implies hesitation or awe.
14. מֵֽרָחֹֽק׃ (merachoq) – Root: רחק (r-ḥ-q); Form: Preposition + Noun, masculine singular absolute; Translation: “At a distance”; Notes: Indicates their withdrawal from the mountain due to fear.