וְנִגַּ֣שׂ הָעָ֔ם אִ֥ישׁ בְּאִ֖ישׁ וְאִ֣ישׁ בְּרֵעֵ֑הוּ יִרְהֲב֗וּ הַנַּ֨עַר֙ בַּזָּקֵ֔ן וְהַנִּקְלֶ֖ה בַּנִּכְבָּֽד׃
And the people shall oppress one another, each man his fellow; the youth shall be insolent against the elder, and the dishonorable against the honorable.
Morphology
- וְנִגַּשׂ (ve-niggas) – Root: נגשׂ; Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person masculine singular with vav-consecutive; Translation: “and he shall oppress” or “and one shall press against”; Notes: Indicates social strife and aggressive behavior.
- הָעָם (ha-ʿam) – Root: עם; Form: Noun masculine singular with definite article; Translation: “the people”; Notes: Refers collectively to society or the nation.
- אִישׁ בְּאִישׁ (ish be-ish) – Root: אישׁ; Form: Noun phrase; Translation: “man against man”; Notes: Emphasizes individual conflict.
- וְאִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ (ve-ish be-reʿehu) – Root: אישׁ, רעע; Form: Noun phrase; Translation: “and man against his fellow”; Notes: Highlights social breakdown and mutual hostility.
- יִרְהֲבוּ (yirhahavu) – Root: רהב; Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they shall act arrogantly” or “be insolent”; Notes: Describes overstepping bounds, typically by the young or inferior.
- הַנַּעַר (ha-naʿar) – Root: נער; Form: Noun masculine singular with definite article; Translation: “the youth”; Notes: Represents immaturity or inexperience.
- בַּזָּקֵן (ba-zaqen) – Root: זקן; Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular with definite article; Translation: “against the elder”; Notes: Represents disrespect for traditional authority.
- וְהַנִּקְלֶה (ve-ha-niqleh) – Root: קלל; Form: Nifal participle masculine singular with definite article; Translation: “and the dishonorable”; Notes: One of low standing or esteem.
- בַּנִּכְבָּד (ba-nikhbad) – Root: כבד; Form: Nifal participle masculine singular with definite article; Translation: “against the honorable”; Notes: One of weight, honor, or social rank.