וְקֶ֤צֶף גָּדֹול֙ אֲנִ֣י קֹצֵ֔ף עַל־הַגֹּויִ֖ם הַשַּֽׁאֲנַנִּ֑ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֲנִי֙ קָצַ֣פְתִּי מְּעָ֔ט וְהֵ֖מָּה עָזְר֥וּ לְרָעָֽה׃
And with great wrath I am wrathful upon the nations at ease who, though I was wrathful a little, they helped for evil.”
Morphology
- וְקֶצֶף (ve-qetsef) — Root: קצף (qatsaf); Form: Conjunction + noun masculine singular; Translation: “And wrath”; Notes: Introduces the theme of divine anger.
- גָּדֹול (gadol) — Root: גדל (gadal); Form: Adjective masculine singular; Translation: “great”; Notes: Modifies the intensity of wrath.
- אֲנִי (ani) — Root: אני (ani); Form: Pronoun 1cs; Translation: “I”; Notes: Marks YHWH as the speaker.
- קֹצֵף (qotsef) — Root: קצף (qatsaf); Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “am wrathful”; Notes: Indicates ongoing divine hostility.
- עַל־הַגֹּויִם (ʿal-ha-goyim) — Root: גוי (goy); Form: Preposition עַל + definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “upon the nations”; Notes: Object of divine wrath.
- הַשַּׁאֲנַנִּים (ha-shaʾanannim) — Root: שאנ (shaʾan); Form: Definite adjective masculine plural; Translation: “the ones at ease”; Notes: Describes their complacency.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) — Root: אשר (ʾasher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “who”; Notes: Introduces relative clause.
- אֲנִי (ani) — Root: אני (ani); Form: Pronoun 1cs; Translation: “I”; Notes: Repeats for emphasis.
- קָצַפְתִּי (qatsaphti) — Root: קצף (qatsaf); Form: Qal perfect 1cs; Translation: “I was wrathful”; Notes: Indicates previous divine anger.
- מְּעָט (meʿat) — Root: מעט (maʿat); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “a little”; Notes: Contrasts divine intention with nations’ actions.
- וְהֵמָּה (ve-hemmah) — Root: המה (hemmah); Form: Conjunction + pronoun 3mp; Translation: “and they”; Notes: Shifts focus to the nations’ response.
- עָזְרוּ (ʿazru) — Root: עזר (ʿazar); Form: Qal perfect 3mp; Translation: “helped”; Notes: Assistance given contrary to divine will.
- לְרָעָה (le-raʿah) — Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Preposition לְ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “for evil”; Notes: The nations intensified the harm beyond YHWH’s measured anger.