Isaiah 40:23

הַנֹּותֵ֥ן רֹוזְנִ֖ים לְאָ֑יִן שֹׁ֥פְטֵי אֶ֖רֶץ כַּתֹּ֥הוּ עָשָֽׂה׃

The One who gives rulers to nothing, He makes the judges of the earth as chaos.

Morphology

1. הַנֹּותֵ֥ן (hannoten) – Root: נתן; Form: Hiphil participle masculine singular with definite article; Translation: “the one who gives”; Notes: Describes an ongoing or characteristic action of YHWH.
2. רֹוזְנִ֖ים (roz’nim) – Root: רזן; Form: Noun, masculine plural; Translation: “rulers”; Notes: Term used for dignitaries or authoritative leaders.
3. לְאָ֑יִן (leʾayin) – Root: אין; Form: Preposition + noun, masculine singular; Translation: “to nothing”; Notes: Expresses that rulers are rendered as non-existent.
4. שֹׁ֥פְטֵי (shofṭei) – Root: שׁפט; Form: Qal participle masculine plural construct; Translation: “judges of”; Notes: Connected to the following noun to form a construct chain.
5. אֶ֖רֶץ (ʾerets) – Root: ארץ; Form: Noun, feminine singular absolute; Translation: “earth.”
6. כַּתֹּ֥הוּ (kattohu) – Root: תהו; Form: Preposition + noun, masculine singular; Translation: “as chaos”; Notes: Refers to emptiness or desolation, echoing Genesis 1:2.
7. עָשָֽׂה (ʿasah) – Root: עשה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he made”; Notes: Refers back to YHWH as subject.