בְּדָמֵ֨ךְ אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפַ֜כְתְּ אָשַׁ֗מְתְּ וּבְגִלּוּלַ֤יִךְ אֲשֶׁר־עָשִׂית֙ טָמֵ֔את וַתַּקְרִ֣יבִי יָמַ֔יִךְ וַתָּבֹ֖וא עַד־שְׁנֹותָ֑יִךְ עַל־כֵּ֗ן נְתַתִּ֤יךְ חֶרְפָּה֙ לַגֹּויִ֔ם וְקַלָּסָ֖ה לְכָל־הָאֲרָצֹֽות׃
By your blood which you have shed you are guilty, and by your idols which you have made you are defiled, and you have brought near your days, and you have come to your years. Therefore I have given you as a reproach to the nations and as a mockery to all the lands.
Morphology
- בְּדָמֵךְ (be-damekh) – Root: דם (dam); Form: Preposition בְ + noun masculine plural construct + 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “By your blood”; Notes: Refers to the bloodshed attributed to the city.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: relative particle; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces a relative clause.
- שָׁפַכְתְּ (shafakht) – Root: שׁפך (shafakh); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “you have shed”; Notes: Direct accusation of bloodshed.
- אָשַׁמְתְּ (ʾashamt) – Root: אשם (ʾasham); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “you are guilty”; Notes: Indicates moral and legal culpability.
- וּבְגִלּוּלַיִךְ (u-ve-gillulayikh) – Root: גלל (galal); Form: Conjunction וְ + preposition בְ + noun masculine plural + 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “and by your idols”; Notes: Gillulim is a contemptuous term for idols, often linked to dung or detestable things.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: relative particle; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces a relative clause about the idols.
- עָשִׂית (ʿasit) – Root: עשה (ʿasah); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “you have made”; Notes: Refers to deliberate construction of idols.
- טָמֵאת (ṭameʾt) – Root: טמא (ṭameʾ); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “you are defiled”; Notes: Indicates ritual and moral impurity.
- וַתַּקְרִיבִי (va-taqrivi) – Root: קרב (qarav); Form: Hiphil wayyiqtol (narrative past) 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “and you have brought near”; Notes: Refers metaphorically to hastening her days of judgment.
- יָמַיִךְ (yamayikh) – Root: יום (yom); Form: Noun masculine plural with 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “your days”; Notes: Symbolizes lifespan or appointed time.
- וַתָּבֹוא (va-tavo) – Root: בוא (bo); Form: Qal wayyiqtol (narrative past) 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “and you have come”; Notes: Arrival at the appointed time of judgment.
- עַד (ʿad) – Root: עד (ʿad); Form: Preposition; Translation: “to / until”; Notes: Marks the limit reached.
- שְׁנֹותָיִךְ (shenotayikh) – Root: שׁנה (shanah); Form: Noun feminine plural with 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “your years”; Notes: The fullness of time or lifespan.
- עַל־כֵּן (ʿal-ken) – Root: כן (ken); Form: Preposition + adverb; Translation: “therefore”; Notes: Introduces the result of previous actions.
- נְתַתִּיךְ (netattikh) – Root: נתן (natan); Form: Qal perfect 1st person common singular + 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “I have given you”; Notes: Divine decree of judgment.
- חֶרְפָּה (ḥerpa) – Root: חרף (ḥarap); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “reproach”; Notes: Refers to shame and humiliation before the nations.
- לַגֹּויִם (la-goyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine plural; Translation: “to the nations”; Notes: Audience of YHWH’s judgment upon the city.
- וְקַלָּסָה (ve-qallasa) – Root: קלס (qal-las); Form: Noun feminine singular with conjunction וְ; Translation: “and a mockery”; Notes: Derisive ridicule, stronger than reproach.
- לְכָל (le-khol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “to all”; Notes: Totality of the recipients.
- הָאֲרָצֹות (ha-aratsot) – Root: ארץ (ʾerets); Form: Definite noun feminine plural; Translation: “the lands”; Notes: Nations or territories beyond Yisraʾel, universal scope of disgrace.