וְאַף֙ כִּֽי־הַיַּ֣יִן בֹּוגֵ֔ד גֶּ֥בֶר יָהִ֖יר וְלֹ֣א יִנְוֶ֑ה אֲשֶׁר֩ הִרְחִ֨יב כִּשְׁאֹ֜ול נַפְשֹׁ֗ו וְה֤וּא כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׂבָּ֔ע וַיֶּאֱסֹ֤ף אֵלָיו֙ כָּל־הַגֹּויִ֔ם וַיִּקְבֹּ֥ץ אֵלָ֖יו כָּל־הָעַמִּֽים׃
Indeed, because the wine betrays, a proud man, and he does not remain; he who enlarges his appetite like Sheʾol, and he is like death and cannot be satisfied, and he gathers to himself all the nations and collects to himself all the peoples.
Morphology
- וְאַף (ve-af) – Root: אף (af); Form: Conjunction + adverb; Translation: “indeed / moreover”; Notes: Heightens the argument, adding emphasis.
- כִּי־ (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “because”; Notes: Introduces the reason for the coming woes.
- הַיַּיִן (ha-yayin) – Root: יין (yayin); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the wine”; Notes: Symbol for intoxicating influence or deceptive allure.
- בֹּוגֵד (boged) – Root: בגד (bagad); Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “betrays”; Notes: Wine is personified as treacherous.
- גֶּבֶר (gever) – Root: גבר (gavar); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “a man”; Notes: Often a strong or mighty man, here corrupted by pride.
- יָהִיר (yahir) – Root: יהר (yahar); Form: Adjective masculine singular; Translation: “proud”; Notes: Describes the arrogant character under wine’s influence.
- וְלֹא (ve-lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Conjunction + negative particle; Translation: “and he does not”; Notes: Negates the following verb.
- יִנְוֶה (yinveh) – Root: נוה (navah); Form: Qal imperfect 3ms; Translation: “remain / abide”; Notes: He cannot settle or be at rest.
- אֲשֶׁר (asher) – Root: אשר (ʾasher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “he who”; Notes: Introduces descriptive clause.
- הִרְחִיב (hirḥiv) – Root: רחב (raḥav); Form: Hifil perfect 3ms; Translation: “he enlarges”; Notes: Expands or broadens, metaphorical for greedy appetite.
- כִּשְׁאוֹל (ki-sheʾol) – Root: שׁאל (shaʾal); Form: Preposition כְּ + noun proper; Translation: “like Sheʾol”; Notes: Sheʾol is insatiable, symbol of endless consumption.
- נַפְשׁוֹ (nafsho) – Root: נפשׁ (nafash); Form: Noun feminine singular + suffix 3ms; Translation: “his soul / appetite”; Notes: Represents inner desire or craving.
- וְהוּא (ve-hu) – Root: הוא (hu); Form: Conjunction + independent pronoun masculine singular; Translation: “and he”; Notes: Shifts emphasis to the man’s essential nature.
- כַּמָּוֶת (ka-mavet) – Root: מות (mut); Form: Preposition כְּ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “like death”; Notes: Death is characterized as endlessly consuming.
- וְלֹא (ve-lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Conjunction + negative particle; Translation: “and cannot”; Notes: Negates the verb that follows.
- יִשְׂבָּע (yisbaʿ) – Root: שׂבע (savaʿ); Form: Qal imperfect 3ms; Translation: “be satisfied”; Notes: Insatiability is the central theme.
- וַיֶּאֱסֹף (va-yeʾesof) – Root: אסף (asaf); Form: Conjunction + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms; Translation: “and he gathers”; Notes: Narrative past describing continual conquest.
- אֵלָיו (elav) – Root: אל (ʾel); Form: Preposition אֶל + suffix 3ms; Translation: “to himself”; Notes: Shows self-centered accumulation.
- כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם (kol-ha-goyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Noun masculine plural, definite; Translation: “all the nations”; Notes: Universal scope of his ambition.
- וַיִּקְבֹּץ (va-yikbots) – Root: קבץ (kavats); Form: Conjunction + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms; Translation: “and he collects”; Notes: Further describes gathering for domination.
- אֵלָיו (elav) – Root: אל (ʾel); Form: Preposition אֶל + suffix 3ms; Translation: “to himself”; Notes: Repetition intensifies selfish accumulation.
- כָּל־הָעַמִּים (kol-ha-ʿammim) – Root: עם (ʿam); Form: Noun masculine plural, definite; Translation: “all the peoples”; Notes: Parallel to nations; expresses total domination.