Hosea 9:15

כָּל־רָעָתָ֤ם בַּגִּלְגָּל֙ כִּֽי־שָׁ֣ם שְׂנֵאתִ֔ים עַ֚ל רֹ֣עַ מַֽעַלְלֵיהֶ֔ם מִבֵּיתִ֖י אֲגָרְשֵׁ֑ם לֹ֤א אֹוסֵף֙ אַהֲבָתָ֔ם כָּל־שָׂרֵיהֶ֖ם סֹרְרִֽים׃

All their evil is in Gilgal, for there I hated them; because of the evil of their deeds I will drive them out of My house. I will love them no more; all their princes are rebellious.

Morphology

1. כָּל (kol) – Root: כלל (kalal); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “all”; Notes: Denotes totality—referring to the complete corruption of Yisraʾel’s behavior.
2. רָעָתָם (raʿatam) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Noun feminine singular + suffix 3mp; Translation: “their evil”; Notes: Refers to moral corruption and idolatry, the cause of YHWH’s rejection.
3. בַּגִּלְגָּל (ba-Gilgal) – Root: גלגל (Gilgal); Form: Preposition בְּ + proper noun; Translation: “in Gilgal”; Notes: Gilgal was a cultic site where illegitimate worship took place, symbolic of apostasy.
4. כִּי (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for” or “because”; Notes: Introduces the reason for divine hatred—corrupt worship and rebellion.
5. שָׁם (sham) – Root: שם (sham); Form: Adverb of place; Translation: “there”; Notes: Refers specifically to Gilgal, the locus of idolatrous activity.
6. שְׂנֵאתִים (seneʾtim) – Root: שׂנא (saneʾ); Form: Qal perfect 1st person common singular + suffix 3mp; Translation: “I hated them”; Notes: Expresses YHWH’s rejection—divine disgust with their hypocrisy and disobedience.
7. עַל (ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition; Translation: “because of” or “on account of”; Notes: Introduces the basis for divine action—moral wrongdoing.
8. רֹעַ (roaʿ) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “evil”; Notes: Emphasizes their ethical depravity, especially in deeds rather than beliefs.
9. מַעַלְלֵיהֶם (maʿalleihem) – Root: עלל (ʿalal); Form: Noun masculine plural construct + suffix 3mp; Translation: “their deeds”; Notes: Denotes continuous patterns of sin—habitual transgression.
10. מִבֵּיתִי (mi-veyti) – Root: בית (bayit); Form: Preposition מִן + noun masculine singular construct + suffix 1cs; Translation: “from My house”; Notes: Refers to the temple or covenantal dwelling—divine expulsion signifies full rejection.
11. אֲגָרְשֵׁם (agarashem) – Root: גרשׁ (garash); Form: Qal imperfect 1st person common singular + suffix 3mp; Translation: “I will drive them out”; Notes: A judicial action of divine banishment—exile as punishment.
12. לֹא (lo) – Root: —; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not” or “no more”; Notes: Signals the cessation of divine affection or covenantal favor.
13. אֹוסֵף (ʾosef) – Root: אסף (asaf); Form: Qal imperfect 1st person common singular; Translation: “I will continue” or “I will again”; Notes: Used here with negation—YHWH declares He will no longer show love.
14. אַהֲבָתָם (ahavatam) – Root: אהב (ʾahav); Form: Noun feminine singular + suffix 3mp; Translation: “their love”; Notes: Refers either to YHWH’s love toward them or their covenantal loyalty—both broken.
15. כָּל (kol) – Root: כלל (kalal); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “all”; Notes: Emphasizes totality—no exception among their leaders.
16. שָׂרֵיהֶם (sareihem) – Root: שר (sar); Form: Noun masculine plural construct + suffix 3mp; Translation: “their princes”; Notes: Denotes political leaders—responsible for guiding the nation into rebellion.
17. סֹרְרִים (sorerim) – Root: סרר (sarar); Form: Qal participle masculine plural; Translation: “rebellious”; Notes: Describes continuous defiance—leaders persistently resisting YHWH’s authority.