Isaiah 22:3

כָּל־קְצִינַ֥יִךְ נָֽדְדוּ־יַ֖חַד מִקֶּ֣שֶׁת אֻסָּ֑רוּ כָּל־נִמְצָאַ֨יִךְ֙ אֻסְּר֣וּ יַחְדָּ֔ו מֵרָחֹ֖וק בָּרָֽחוּ׃

All your commanders have fled together, they were bound by the bow; all who were found in you were bound together, they fled far away.

 

Morphology

  1. כָּל־קְצִינַ֥יִךְ (kol-qetsinayikh) – Root: קצין (qatsin); Form: Noun masculine plural construct + 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “all your commanders”; Notes: Refers to military or civic leaders of the city (feminine: Yerushalayim).
  2. נָֽדְדוּ־יַ֖חַד (naddu-yaḥad) – Root: נדד (nadad); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural + adverb; Translation: “have fled together”; Notes: Expresses collective panic or retreat.
  3. מִקֶּ֣שֶׁת (mi-qqeshet) – Root: קשת (qeshet); Form: Preposition מִן + noun feminine singular with dagesh forte; Translation: “from the bow”; Notes: Indicates the cause of their capture or flight—military threat.
  4. אֻסָּ֑רוּ (ussaru) – Root: אסר (ʾasar); Form: Pual perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they were bound”; Notes: Passive form—captivity under enemy force.
  5. כָּל־נִמְצָאַ֨יִךְ֙ (kol-nimtzaʾayikh) – Root: מצא (matsa); Form: Nifal participle masculine plural with 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “all who were found in you”; Notes: Refers to remaining citizens caught during invasion or exile.
  6. אֻסְּר֣וּ (usseru) – Root: אסר (ʾasar); Form: Pual perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they were bound”; Notes: Repeated verb for emphasis—mass captivity.
  7. יַחְדָּ֔ו (yaḥdav) – Root: —; Form: Adverb; Translation: “together”; Notes: Reinforces collective experience of those captured.
  8. מֵרָחֹ֖וק (me-raḥoq) – Root: רחוק (raḥoq); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular; Translation: “from far”; Notes: Indicates the distance from which they fled or were scattered.
  9. בָּרָֽחוּ (barakhu) – Root: ברח (barakh); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they fled”; Notes: Describes desperate escape, likely from the battlefield or city.

 

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