תְּשֻׁאֹ֣ות מְלֵאָ֗ה עִ֚יר הֹֽומִיָּ֔ה קִרְיָ֖ה עַלִּיזָ֑ה חֲלָלַ֨יִךְ֙ לֹ֣א חַלְלֵי־חֶ֔רֶב וְלֹ֖א מֵתֵ֥י מִלְחָמָֽה׃
A tumultuous city, full of uproar, a joyous town; your slain are not slain by the sword, nor dead in battle.
Morphology
- תְּשֻׁאֹ֣ות (teshuʾot) – Root: שׁוא (shaʾa); Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “uproars” or “cries”; Notes: Refers to loud tumult or chaos, possibly of panic or celebration.
- מְלֵאָ֗ה (meleʾah) – Root: מלא (maleʾ); Form: Qal participle feminine singular; Translation: “full”; Notes: Modifies the city, indicating abundance of commotion.
- עִ֚יר (ʿir) – Root: עיר (ʿir); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “city”; Notes: Often personified in prophetic texts, typically Yerushalayim.
- הֹֽומִיָּ֔ה (homiyyah) – Root: הום (hum); Form: Qal participle feminine singular; Translation: “in tumult” or “noisy”; Notes: Describes the city’s overwhelming sound and movement.
- קִרְיָ֖ה (qiryah) – Root: קרי (qiryah); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “town”; Notes: Synonym for “city,” poetic parallelism to עִיר.
- עַלִּיזָ֑ה (ʿalizah) – Root: עלז (ʿalaz); Form: Adjective feminine singular; Translation: “joyous”; Notes: Once characterized by revelry—now ironically contrasted with judgment.
- חֲלָלַ֨יִךְ֙ (ḥalalayikh) – Root: חלל (ḥalal); Form: Noun masculine plural with 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “your slain”; Notes: Refers to those who have died within the city.
- לֹ֣א (lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Denies the following predicate.
- חַלְלֵי־חֶ֔רֶב (ḥallelei-ḥerev) – Root: חלל (ḥalal) + חרב (ḥerev); Form: Construct chain: plural noun + noun; Translation: “slain of the sword”; Notes: Common idiom for those killed in battle.
- וְלֹ֖א (ve-lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Conjunction + negative particle; Translation: “nor”; Notes: Continues the negation.
- מֵתֵ֥י (metei) – Root: מות (mut); Form: Construct plural form; Translation: “dead of”; Notes: Connects to “battle” as the cause of death.
- מִלְחָמָֽה (milḥamah) – Root: לחם (laḥam); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “battle”; Notes: Indicates the expected but absent context of death—these deaths occurred apart from military combat.