Jeremiah 18:16

לָשׂ֥וּם אַרְצָ֛ם לְשַׁמָּ֖ה שֶׂרֻקַת עֹולָ֑ם כֹּ֚ל עֹובֵ֣ר עָלֶ֔יהָ יִשֹּׁ֖ם וְיָנִ֥יד בְּרֹאשֹֽׁו׃

To make their land a desolation, an everlasting hissing; everyone who passes over it shall be appalled and shall shake his head.

 

Morphology

  1. לָשׂוּם (la-sum) – Root: שׂים; Form: Preposition + Qal infinitive construct; Translation: “to place” or “to make”; Notes: Expresses purpose or result of judgment.
  2. אַרְצָם (artzam) – Root: ארץ; Form: Noun feminine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their land”; Notes: Refers to the land of Yisraʾel or Yehudah.
  3. לְשַׁמָּה (le-shammah) – Root: שׁמם; Form: Preposition + noun feminine singular; Translation: “for a desolation”; Notes: Conveys ruin or devastation, often a result of divine judgment.
  4. שֶׂרֻקַת (seruqat) – Root: שׂרק; Form: Noun feminine singular construct (possibly from denominative); Translation: “a hissing”; Notes: A sound of scorn, astonishment, or derision; used to express shock or ridicule at destruction.
  5. עוֹלָם (ʿolam) – Root: עלם; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “everlasting”; Notes: Modifies “hissing,” signifying duration of desolation.
  6. כֹּל (kol) – Root: כל; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “everyone” or “all”; Notes: Subject of the next two verbs.
  7. עוֹבֵר (ʿover) – Root: עבר; Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “who passes”; Notes: Refers to travelers or observers passing by the ruined land.
  8. עָלֶיהָ (ʿaleha) – Root: על; Form: Preposition + 3rd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “over it”; Notes: Refers to the land now desolate.
  9. יִשֹּׁם (yishom) – Root: שׁמם; Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “shall be appalled”; Notes: Expresses horror or astonishment.
  10. וְיָנִיד (ve-yanid) – Root: נוד; Form: Conjunction + Hifil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “and shall shake”; Notes: A gesture of lamentation, pity, or disbelief.
  11. בְּרֹאשׁוֹ (be-rosho) – Root: ראשׁ; Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “his head”; Notes: Completes the idiom “to shake the head” in mourning or derision.

 

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