לֹֽא־יָקוּם֩ עֵ֨ד אֶחָ֜ד בְּאִ֗ישׁ לְכָל־עָוֹן֙ וּלְכָל־חַטָּ֔את בְּכָל־חֵ֖טְא אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶֽחֱטָ֑א עַל־פִּ֣י שְׁנֵ֣י עֵדִ֗ים אֹ֛ו עַל־פִּ֥י שְׁלֹשָֽׁה־עֵדִ֖ים יָק֥וּם דָּבָֽר׃
A single witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity or for any sin, in any sin that he sins. By the mouth of two witnesses, or by the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be established.
Morphology
- לֹֽא־יָקוּם֩ (lo-yakum) – Root: קום (kum); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “shall not rise up”; Notes: Refers to the prohibition of relying on a single testimony.
- עֵ֨ד (ed) – Root: עד (ed); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “witness”; Notes: Refers to someone providing testimony.
- אֶחָ֜ד (echad) – Root: אחד (echad); Form: Adjective, masculine singular; Translation: “single”; Notes: Emphasizes the singularity of the witness.
- בְּאִ֗ישׁ (be-ish) – Root: איש (ish); Form: Noun, masculine singular with preposition; Translation: “against a man”; Notes: Indicates the object of accusation.
- לְכָל־עָוֹן֙ (le-khol-avon) – Root: עון (avon); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct with preposition; Translation: “for any iniquity”; Notes: Refers to moral guilt or wrongdoing.
- וּלְכָל־חַטָּ֔את (u-le-khol-chatat) – Root: חטא (chatat); Form: Noun, feminine singular construct with conjunction and preposition; Translation: “or for any sin”; Notes: Refers to transgressions or offenses.
- בְּכָל־חֵ֖טְא (be-khol-chet) – Root: חטא (chet); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct with preposition; Translation: “in any sin”; Notes: Describes the nature of the transgression.
- אֲשֶׁ֣ר (asher) – Root: אשר (asher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces a clause describing the sin.
- יֶֽחֱטָ֑א (yecheta) – Root: חטא (chata); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he sins”; Notes: Refers to committing an offense.
- עַל־פִּ֣י (al-pi) – Root: פי (peh); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct with preposition; Translation: “by the mouth of”; Notes: Refers to the testimony given verbally.
- שְׁנֵ֣י (shenei) – Root: שנים (shanim); Form: Numeral, masculine dual construct; Translation: “two”; Notes: Indicates the minimum number of witnesses required.
- עֵדִ֗ים (edim) – Root: עד (ed); Form: Noun, masculine plural; Translation: “witnesses”; Notes: Refers to those providing testimony.
- אֹ֛ו (o) – Root: או (o); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “or”; Notes: Provides an alternative option.
- עַל־פִּ֥י (al-pi) – Root: פי (peh); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct with preposition; Translation: “by the mouth of”; Notes: Indicates testimony again.
- שְׁלֹשָֽׁה־עֵדִ֖ים (shelosha-edim) – Root: שלוש (shalosh) / עד (ed); Form: Numeral, masculine plural construct with noun, masculine plural; Translation: “three witnesses”; Notes: Refers to the higher number of witnesses for added confirmation.
- יָק֥וּם (yakum) – Root: קום (kum); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “shall be established”; Notes: Refers to validating or confirming the matter.
- דָּבָֽר׃ (davar) – Root: דבר (davar); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “matter”; Notes: Refers to the issue or accusation being addressed.