וַיְהִ֤י שְׁמוּאֵל֙ מַעֲלֶ֣ה הָעֹולָ֔ה וּפְלִשְׁתִּ֣ים נִגְּשׁ֔וּ לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיַּרְעֵ֣ם יְהוָ֣ה בְּקֹול־֠גָּדֹול בַּיֹּ֨ום הַה֤וּא עַל־פְּלִשְׁתִּים֙ וַיְהֻמֵּ֔ם וַיִּנָּגְפ֖וּ לִפְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
And it came to pass, when Shemuʾel was offering up the burnt offering, that the Pelishtim drew near to battle against Yisraʾel. But YHWH thundered with a great voice on that day upon the Pelishtim and confused them, and they were struck down before Yisraʾel.
Morphology
- וַיְהִ֤י (vayehi) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Qal wayyiqtol (consecutive imperfect) 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “And it came to pass”; Notes: Introduces a narrative event.
- שְׁמוּאֵל֙ (Shemuʾel) – Root: שמואל (Shemuʾel); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Shemuʾel”; Notes: Refers to the prophet Samuel.
- מַעֲלֶ֣ה (maʿaleh) – Root: עלה (ʿalah); Form: Hiphil participle masculine singular; Translation: “was offering up”; Notes: Continuous action.
- הָעֹולָ֔ה (ha-ʿolah) – Root: עלה (ʿalah); Form: Noun, feminine singular definite; Translation: “the burnt offering”; Notes: Refers to a complete burnt offering.
- וּפְלִשְׁתִּ֣ים (u-Pelishtim) – Root: פלשת (Peleshet); Form: Proper noun, plural; Translation: “the Pelishtim”; Notes: The Philistines.
- נִגְּשׁ֔וּ (niggeshu) – Root: נגש (nagash); Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “drew near”; Notes: Passive/reflexive sense.
- לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה (la-milḥamah) – Root: לחם (laḥam); Form: Noun, feminine singular definite; Translation: “to battle”; Notes: Indicates the action they were approaching.
- בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל (be-Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Proper noun with preposition; Translation: “against Yisraʾel”; Notes: Marks the opponent.
- וַיַּרְעֵ֣ם (vayyareʿem) – Root: רעם (raʿam); Form: Hiphil wayyiqtol (consecutive imperfect) 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “And He thundered”; Notes: Causative verb.
- יְהוָ֣ה (YHWH) – Root: יהוה (YHWH); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The divine name.
- בְּקֹול־֠גָּדֹול (be-qol-gadol) – Root: קול (qol), גדל (gadol); Form: Noun with adjective; Translation: “with a great voice”; Notes: Expresses divine power.
- בַּיֹּ֨ום (ba-yom) – Root: יום (yom); Form: Noun, masculine singular definite; Translation: “on the day”; Notes: Specifies the time.
- הַה֤וּא (ha-hu) – Root: הוא (hu); Form: Demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular; Translation: “that”; Notes: Further specifies the day.
- עַל־פְּלִשְׁתִּים֙ (ʿal-Pelishtim) – Root: פלשת (Peleshet); Form: Proper noun with preposition; Translation: “upon the Pelishtim”; Notes: Marks the object of divine action.
- וַיְהֻמֵּ֔ם (vayehummeim) – Root: הום (hum); Form: Polel wayyiqtol (consecutive imperfect) 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “and He confused them”; Notes: Intensified verb form.
- וַיִּנָּגְפ֖וּ (vayinnaʿgefu) – Root: נגף (nagaf); Form: Nifal wayyiqtol (consecutive imperfect) 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they were struck down”; Notes: Passive voice.
- לִפְנֵ֥י (lifnei) – Root: פנים (panim); Form: Preposition with noun construct; Translation: “before”; Notes: Indicates submission.
- יִשְׂרָאֵֽל (Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: The victorious side.