Isaiah 63:10

וְהֵ֛מָּה מָר֥וּ וְעִצְּב֖וּ אֶת־ר֣וּחַ קָדְשֹׁ֑ו וַיֵּהָפֵ֥ךְ לָהֶ֛ם לְאֹויֵ֖ב ה֥וּא נִלְחַם־בָּֽם׃

But they rebelled and grieved His Holy Spirit, so He turned to be their enemy—He Himself fought against them.

Morphology

1. וְהֵ֛מָּה (ve-hemmah) – Root: —; Form: Conjunction וְ + independent pronoun masculine plural; Translation: “But they”; Notes: Subject pronoun introducing contrast to the previous verse.
2. מָר֥וּ (maru) – Root: מרה (marah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “rebelled”; Notes: Common verb for covenant rebellion or disobedience against YHWH.
3. וְעִצְּב֖וּ (ve-ʿittsevu) – Root: עצב (ʿatsav); Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and grieved”; Notes: Strong emotional verb indicating causing sorrow or distress.
4. אֶת־רוּחַ (et-ruaḥ) – Root: רוח (ruaḥ); Form: Direct object marker + noun feminine singular; Translation: “the spirit of”; Notes: Refers to the personal, active force of YHWH.
5. קָדְשֹׁ֑ו (qodsho) – Root: קדשׁ (qodesh); Form: Noun masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “His holiness” or “His Holy [Spirit]”; Notes: In construct with “spirit”—“His Holy Spirit.”
6. וַיֵּהָפֵ֥ךְ (va-yehafekh) – Root: הפך (hafakh); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “so He turned”; Notes: Indicates transformation of relationship or stance.
7. לָהֶ֛ם (lahem) – Root: לְ + הם (hem); Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “to them” or “against them”; Notes: Denotes relational direction of the transformation.
8. לְאֹויֵ֖ב (le-ʾoyev) – Root: אויב (ʾoyev); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “as an enemy”; Notes: A striking reversal—YHWH becomes what was once opposed to them.
9. הוּא (hu) – Root: —; Form: Independent pronoun masculine singular; Translation: “He”; Notes: Emphasizes that YHWH Himself performed the action.
10. נִלְחַם־בָּֽם (nilḥam-bam) – Root: לחם (lacham); Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person masculine singular + preposition בְּ + third person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “He fought against them”; Notes: The passive-reflexive stem here functions as active: “engaged in battle with them.”