וְהָי֞וּ בָּתֵּ֣י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם וּבָתֵּי֙ מַלְכֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה כִּמְקֹ֥ום הַתֹּ֖פֶת הַטְּמֵאִ֑ים לְכֹ֣ל הַבָּתִּ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר קִטְּר֜וּ עַל־גַּגֹּֽתֵיהֶם֙ לְכֹל֙ צְבָ֣א הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וְהַסֵּ֥ךְ נְסָכִ֖ים לֵאלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִֽים׃ פ
And the houses of Yerushalayim and the houses of the kings of Yehuda shall be like the place of the Tofet, unclean, to all the houses upon whose rooftops they burned incense to all the host of the heavens and poured out drink offerings to other gods.”’”
Morphology
- וְהָי֞וּ (ve-hayu) – Root: היה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural with vav-consecutive; Translation: “And they shall be”; Notes: Future result of divine judgment.
- בָּתֵּ֣י (batei) – Root: בית; Form: Construct plural masculine noun; Translation: “the houses of”; Notes: Introduces construct chain.
- יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם (Yerushalayim) – Root: ירושלים; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yerushalayim”; Notes: Capital city of Yehudah.
- וּבָתֵּי֙ (u-vatei) – Root: בית; Form: Conjunction + construct plural masculine noun; Translation: “and the houses of”; Notes: Parallels the houses of the people and royalty.
- מַלְכֵ֣י (malkei) – Root: מלך; Form: Construct plural masculine noun; Translation: “the kings of”; Notes: Refers to the royal elite.
- יְהוּדָ֔ה (Yehudah) – Root: יהודה; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: The southern kingdom of Yisraʾel.
- כִּמְקֹ֥ום (kimqom) – Root: קום; Form: Preposition + construct noun masculine singular; Translation: “like the place of”; Notes: Comparative expression.
- הַתֹּ֖פֶת (ha-Tofet) – Root: תפת; Form: Definite proper noun; Translation: “the Tofet”; Notes: Site of idolatrous rites and judgment.
- הַטְּמֵאִ֑ים (ha-temeʾim) – Root: טמא; Form: Definite adjective masculine plural; Translation: “unclean”; Notes: Ceremonially defiled due to idolatry.
- לְכֹ֣ל (le-kol) – Root: כל; Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “to all”; Notes: Emphasizes totality of the affected houses.
- הַבָּתִּ֗ים (ha-battim) – Root: בית; Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the houses”; Notes: General reference to homes throughout the city.
- אֲשֶׁ֨ר (asher) – Root: אשר; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces a relative clause specifying the idolatrous behavior.
- קִטְּר֜וּ (qitteru) – Root: קטר; Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they burned incense”; Notes: Idolatrous ritual conducted illicitly.
- עַל־גַּגֹּֽתֵיהֶם (ʿal-gaggoteihem) – Root: גג; Form: Preposition + construct plural noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “upon their rooftops”; Notes: Rooftops used for private pagan rites.
- לְכֹל֙ (le-kol) – Root: כל; Form: Preposition + noun construct; Translation: “to all”; Notes: Universal devotion to astral deities implied.
- צְבָ֣א הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם (tseva ha-shamayim) – Root: צבא, שׁמים; Form: Construct noun + definite noun plural; Translation: “the host of the heavens”; Notes: Refers to celestial bodies (sun, moon, stars) worshiped as deities.
- וְהַסֵּ֥ךְ (ve-ha-sekh) – Root: נסך; Form: Conjunction + definite infinitive absolute; Translation: “and the pouring”; Notes: Parallels burning incense with drink offerings.
- נְסָכִ֖ים (nesakhim) – Root: נסך; Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “drink offerings”; Notes: Liquid sacrifices used in worship, here perverted to false gods.
- לֵאלֹהִ֥ים (le-ʾelohim) – Root: אלה; Form: Preposition + noun masculine plural; Translation: “to gods”; Notes: Objects of idolatrous worship.
- אֲחֵרִֽים (ʾaḥerim) – Root: אחר; Form: Adjective masculine plural; Translation: “other”; Notes: Denotes illegitimate and foreign deities in contrast to YHWH.