עֲל֤וּ הַסּוּסִים֙ וְהִתְהֹלְל֣וּ הָרֶ֔כֶב וְיֵצְא֖וּ הַגִּבֹּורִ֑ים כּ֤וּשׁ וּפוּט֙ תֹּפְשֵׂ֣י מָגֵ֔ן וְלוּדִ֕ים תֹּפְשֵׂ֖י דֹּ֥רְכֵי קָֽשֶׁת׃
Go up, horses, and rage, chariot, and let the mighty men go out, Kush and Put, holders of shield, and Ludim, holders, benders of bow.
Morphology
- עֲלוּ (ʿalū) – Root: עלה; Form: Qal imperative 2nd person masculine plural; Translation: “Go up”; Notes: Direct apostrophe to the warhorses, summoning an advance.
- הַסּוּסִים (ha-ssusim) – Root: סוס; Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the horses”; Notes: Warhorses as the cavalry arm; dagesh indicates gemination in pronunciation.
- וְהִתְהֹלְלוּ (ve-hitḥolelū) – Root: הלל (III “to act madly”); Form: Hitpolel imperative 2nd person masculine plural; Translation: “and rage” / “act wildly”; Notes: Imperative to the chariotry to drive furiously; Hitpolel nuance = frenzied motion.
- הָרֶכֶב (ha-rekhev) – Root: רכב; Form: Definite noun masculine singular (collective); Translation: “the chariot”; Notes: Collective for chariot forces; addressed as a unit.
- וְיֵצְאוּ (ve-yētsʾū) – Root: יצא; Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural, jussive force; Translation: “and let them go out”; Notes: Cohortative summons for deployment of troops.
- הַגִּבֹּורִים (ha-gibbōrim) – Root: גבר; Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the mighty men”; Notes: Veteran warriors/champions.
- כּוּשׁ (Kush) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Proper name; Translation: “Kush”; Notes: Region/people south of Mitsrayim; famed for warriors.
- וּפוּט (u-Put) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Proper name with conjunctive waw; Translation: “and Put”; Notes: People group often allied as mercenaries.
- תֹּפְשֵׂי (tōfshei) – Root: תפשׂ; Form: Qal participle masculine plural, construct; Translation: “holders of”; Notes: Construct link to the following noun defines equipment borne.
- מָגֵן (māgēn) – Root: מגן; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “shield”; Notes: Standard infantry defense; completes the construct “holders of shield.”
- וְלוּדִים (ve-Ludim) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Proper ethnonym plural with conjunctive waw; Translation: “and Ludim”; Notes: People group noted for archery in some traditions.
- תֹּפְשֵׂי (tōfshei) – Root: תפשׂ; Form: Qal participle masculine plural, construct; Translation: “holders of”; Notes: Second attributive participle describing the Ludim.
- דֹּרְכֵי (dōrḵei) – Root: דרך; Form: Qal participle masculine plural, construct; Translation: “benders/treaders of”; Notes: Idiom “to tread/bend a bow” = stringing/arming a bow.
- קָשֶׁת (qeshet) – Root: קשת; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “bow”; Notes: Object of the construct chain: “holders, benders of bow.”