הִרְבָּ֖ה כֹּושֵׁ֑ל גַּם־נָפַ֞ל אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ ק֣וּמָה וְנָשֻׁ֣בָה אֶל־עַמֵּ֗נוּ וְאֶל־אֶ֨רֶץ֙ מֹֽולַדְתֵּ֔נוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י חֶ֥רֶב הַיֹּונָֽה׃
He multiplied the stumbling; also a man fell against his companion, and they said, ‘Rise, and let us return to our people and to the land of our birth, from before the sword of the oppressor.’
Morphology
- הִרְבָּה (hirbah) – Root: רבה; Form: Hifil perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “he multiplied”; Notes: Causative, expressing an increase in stumbling.
- כֹּושֵׁל (koshel) – Root: כשׁל; Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “stumbling”; Notes: Describes those faltering in battle.
- גַּם (gam) – Root: Particle; Form: Adverb; Translation: “also”; Notes: Adds emphasis to the following action.
- נָפַל (nafal) – Root: נפל; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “fell”; Notes: Indicates collapse in battle.
- אִישׁ (ish) – Root: אישׁ; Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “man”; Notes: Refers to individual warriors.
- אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ (el-reʿehu) – Root: רעע; Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “against his companion”; Notes: Suggests soldiers colliding or falling together.
- וַיֹּאמְרוּ (va-yomru) – Root: אמר; Form: Qal wayyiqtol (sequential imperfect) 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they said”; Notes: Introduces direct speech.
- קוּמָה (qumah) – Root: קום; Form: Qal imperative 2nd person masculine singular with paragogic -ה; Translation: “Rise”; Notes: Exhortative form urging action.
- וְנָשֻׁבָה (ve-nashuvah) – Root: שוב; Form: Qal cohortative 1st person plural with vav; Translation: “and let us return”; Notes: Expresses collective decision.
- אֶל־עַמֵּנוּ (el-ʿammeinu) – Root: עם; Form: Preposition + noun masculine plural with 1cp suffix; Translation: “to our people”; Notes: Return to kin or homeland community.
- וְאֶל־אֶרֶץ (ve-el-erets) – Root: ארץ; Form: Conjunction + preposition + noun feminine singular; Translation: “and to the land”; Notes: Parallel to “our people.”
- מֹולַדְתֵּנוּ (moladtenu) – Root: ילד; Form: Noun feminine singular construct with 1cp suffix; Translation: “of our birth”; Notes: Homeland or birthplace.
- מִפְּנֵי (mi-penei) – Root: פנה; Form: Preposition + plural construct; Translation: “from before”; Notes: Indicates cause or avoidance.
- חֶרֶב (ḥerev) – Root: חרב; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “sword”; Notes: Figurative for warfare.
- הַיֹּונָה (ha-yonah) – Root: ינה; Form: Definite noun feminine singular (Qere: “oppressor”); Translation: “the oppressor”; Notes: Interpreted as “sword of the oppressor,” describing Babylonian aggression.