וִֽידַעְתֶּם֙ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה בִּֽהְיֹ֣ות חַלְלֵיהֶ֗ם בְּתֹוךְ֙ גִּלּ֣וּלֵיהֶ֔ם סְבִיבֹ֖ות מִזְבְּחֹֽותֵיהֶ֑ם אֶל֩ כָּל־גִּבְעָ֨ה רָמָ֜ה בְּכֹ֣ל רָאשֵׁ֣י הֶהָרִ֗ים וְתַ֨חַת כָּל־עֵ֤ץ רַֽעֲנָן֙ וְתַ֨חַת֙ כָּל־אֵלָ֣ה עֲבֻתָּ֔ה מְקֹ֗ום אֲשֶׁ֤ר נָֽתְנוּ־שָׁם֙ רֵ֣יחַ נִיחֹ֔חַ לְכֹ֖ל גִּלּוּלֵיהֶֽם׃
And you shall know that I am YHWH, when their slain are in the midst of their idols, around their altars, upon every high hill, on all the tops of the mountains, and under every green tree, and under every thick oak, the place where they gave a pleasing aroma to all their idols.
Morphology
- וִידַעְתֶּם (vi-yedaʿtem) – Root: ידע (yadaʿ); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person masculine plural with vav consecutive; Translation: “And you shall know”; Notes: Prophetic recognition formula, denoting experiential knowledge of YHWH.
- כִּי (ki) – Form: Conjunction; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces the content of knowledge.
- אֲנִי (ʾani) – Form: Independent pronoun 1st person singular; Translation: “I”; Notes: Emphasizes YHWH as the subject.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: הוה (hawah); Form: Proper noun, divine name; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: Covenant name of God.
- בִּהְיֹות (bi-hyot) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Preposition ב + Qal infinitive construct; Translation: “when being”; Notes: Temporal clause marker.
- חַלְלֵיהֶם (ḥalleihem) – Root: חלל (ḥalal); Form: Noun masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their slain”; Notes: Refers to those killed in judgment.
- בְּתוֹךְ (be-tokh) – Root: תוך (tokh); Form: Preposition + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “in the midst of”; Notes: Locative phrase emphasizing proximity.
- גִּלּוּלֵיהֶם (gilluleihem) – Root: גלל (galal); Form: Noun masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their idols”; Notes: Pejorative term for idols, connoting worthlessness.
- סְבִיבֹות (sevivot) – Root: סביב (saviv); Form: Noun feminine plural; Translation: “around”; Notes: Locational adverb indicating encirclement.
- מִזְבְּחֹותֵיהֶם (mizbeḥoteihem) – Root: זבח (zavaḥ); Form: Noun masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their altars”; Notes: Refers to shrines of false worship.
- אֶל (ʾel) – Form: Preposition; Translation: “upon / to”; Notes: Governs the following locations of worship.
- כָּל (kol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “every / all”; Notes: Marks totality.
- גִּבְעָה (givʿah) – Root: גבע (givʿah); Form: Noun feminine singular absolute; Translation: “hill”; Notes: Common site of idolatrous shrines.
- רָמָה (ramah) – Root: רום (rum); Form: Adjective feminine singular; Translation: “high”; Notes: Modifies “hill,” stressing elevation for cultic practices.
- בְּכֹל (be-khol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Preposition ב + noun masculine singular; Translation: “on all”; Notes: Comprehensive phrase.
- רָאשֵׁי (rashei) – Root: ראשׁ (rosh); Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “tops of”; Notes: Refers to mountain summits.
- הֶהָרִים (he-harim) – Root: הר (har); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Locations of worship and sacrifice.
- וְתַחַת (ve-taḥat) – Root: תחת (taḥat); Form: Preposition; Translation: “under”; Notes: Specifies cultic sites beneath trees.
- כָּל (kol) – Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “every”; Notes: Generalizing particle.
- עֵץ (ʿets) – Root: עץ (ʿets); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “tree”; Notes: Symbolic of sacred groves in idolatry.
- רַעֲנָן (raʿanan) – Root: רענן (raʿanan); Form: Adjective masculine singular absolute; Translation: “green”; Notes: Describes flourishing, verdant trees.
- וְתַחַת (ve-taḥat) – Form: Preposition; Translation: “and under”; Notes: Parallel repetition.
- כָּל (kol) – Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “every.”
- אֵלָה (elah) – Root: אלה (elah); Form: Noun feminine singular absolute; Translation: “oak”; Notes: Large, strong tree often associated with cultic worship.
- עֲבֻתָּה (ʿavuttah) – Root: עבת (ʿavat); Form: Adjective feminine singular absolute; Translation: “thick”; Notes: Describes leafy density of the oak.
- מְקוֹם (maqom) – Root: קום (qum); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “place”; Notes: Specific cultic site.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Form: Relative particle; Translation: “where”; Notes: Introduces subordinate clause.
- נָתְנוּ (natenu) – Root: נתן (natan); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person common plural; Translation: “they gave”; Notes: Refers to offering sacrifices.
- שָׁם (sham) – Form: Adverb of place; Translation: “there.”
- רֵיחַ (reiyaḥ) – Root: ריח (reiyaḥ); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “aroma”; Notes: Represents the odor of offerings.
- נִיחֹחַ (niḥo’aḥ) – Root: נוח (nuach); Form: Noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “pleasing”; Notes: Common formula for sacrifices, here applied to idolatrous offerings.
- לְכֹל (le-khol) – Form: Preposition ל + noun masculine singular; Translation: “to all.”
- גִּלּוּלֵיהֶם (gilluleihem) – Root: גלל (galal); Form: Noun masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “their idols”; Notes: Contemptuous term denoting their false gods.