כֹּ֚ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאִיִּ֔ים שָׁמְמ֖וּ עָלָ֑יִךְ וּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙ שָׂ֣עֲרוּ שַׂ֔עַר רָעֲמ֖וּ פָּנִֽים׃
All the inhabitants of the islands were appalled at you, and their kings shuddered with horror; they were troubled in countenance.
Morphology
- כֹּל (kol) – Root: כלל (kol); Form: Noun masculine singular (collective); Translation: “all”; Notes: Serves as a collective subject, encompassing every inhabitant of the islands.
- יֹשְׁבֵי (yoshvei) – Root: ישׁב (yashav); Form: Qal participle masculine plural construct; Translation: “inhabitants of”; Notes: Describes those dwelling permanently, emphasizing settled maritime populations.
- הָאִיִּים (ha-iyyim) – Root: אי (ʾiy); Form: Definite article הַ + noun masculine plural; Translation: “the islands”; Notes: Refers to coastal or island nations dependent on sea trade, especially those tied to Tyre’s maritime network.
- שָׁמְמוּ (shamemu) – Root: שׁמם (shamam); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “were appalled” or “were desolated”; Notes: Expresses astonishment mixed with horror, describing the shock of neighboring peoples at Tyre’s fall.
- עָלָיִךְ (ʿalayikh) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition עַל + suffix 2nd person feminine singular; Translation: “at you” or “over you”; Notes: Directs their horror and mourning toward Tyre, personified as the fallen city.
- וּמַלְכֵיהֶם (u-malkeihem) – Root: מלך (melekh); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine plural construct + suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and their kings”; Notes: Refers to rulers of the island nations allied with Tyre or enriched by her trade.
- שָׂעֲרוּ (saʿaru) – Root: שער (shaʿar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “shuddered” or “trembled”; Notes: Can convey both literal trembling and figurative dread, signifying fear of shared judgment or loss.
- שַׂעַר (saʿar) – Root: שׂער (saʿar); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “horror” or “terror”; Notes: Here likely used adverbially (“in horror”), describing the intensity of their reaction.
- רָעֲמוּ (raʿamu) – Root: רעם (raʿam); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “were troubled” or “were shaken”; Notes: Indicates trembling or disturbance—emotional or physical agitation in response to fear.
- פָּנִים (panim) – Root: פנה (panah); Form: Noun masculine plural (dual form in sense); Translation: “faces” or “countenance”; Notes: Denotes visible distress—the kings’ faces show horror and fear at Tyre’s ruin.