וַהֲשִׁמֹּותִ֨י עָלֶ֜יךָ עַמִּ֣ים רַבִּ֗ים וּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙ יִשְׂעֲר֤וּ עָלֶ֨יךָ֙ שַׂ֔עַר בְּעֹופְפִ֥י חַרְבִּ֖י עַל־פְּנֵיהֶ֑ם וְחָרְד֤וּ לִרְגָעִים֙ אִ֣ישׁ לְנַפְשֹׁ֔ו בְּיֹ֖ום מַפַּלְתֶּֽךָ׃ ס
And I will cause many peoples to be astonished over you, and their kings shall shudder over you with trembling when I brandish my sword before their faces, and they shall quake for moments, each man for his soul, on the day of your downfall.
Morphology
- וַהֲשִׁמֹּותִי (va-hashimmoti) – Root: שׁמם (shamam); Form: Hifil perfect 1st person common singular with prefixed conjunction וַ; Translation: “And I will cause to be astonished”; Notes: Causative stem—YHWH declares He will make many nations appalled or desolate because of the subject’s fall.
- עָלֶיךָ (ʿalekha) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition עַל + suffix 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “over you”; Notes: Indicates the direction or focus of astonishment and fear.
- עַמִּים (ʿammim) – Root: עם (ʿam); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “peoples”; Notes: Refers to various nations who will react to the judgment.
- רַבִּים (rabbim) – Root: רב (rav); Form: Adjective masculine plural; Translation: “many”; Notes: Qualifies “peoples,” stressing the wide scope of those who witness the judgment.
- וּמַלְכֵיהֶם (u-malkhehem) – Root: מלך (melekh); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine plural construct + suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and their kings”; Notes: Refers to rulers of these nations, affected emotionally and politically by the fall they behold.
- יִשְׂעֲרוּ (yisʿaru) – Root: שער (shaʿar); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “shall shudder” or “shall tremble”; Notes: Describes visceral fear and agitation in reaction to YHWH’s actions.
- עָלֶיךָ (ʿalekha) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition עַל + suffix 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “over you”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis; underscores the focus of terror directed toward the fallen one.
- שַׂעַר (saʿar) – Root: שער (saʿar); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “trembling” or “shuddering”; Notes: A nominal form reinforcing the emotional reaction of dread.
- בְּעֹופְפִי (be-ʿofefi) – Root: עופף (ʿofef); Form: Preposition בְ + Piel infinitive construct with 1st person common singular suffix; Translation: “when I brandish”; Notes: The Piel stem emphasizes the vivid action of YHWH brandishing or waving His sword.
- חַרְבִּי (ḥarbi) – Root: חרב (ḥerev); Form: Noun feminine singular with suffix 1st person common singular; Translation: “my sword”; Notes: Symbol of divine warfare and judgment.
- עַל־ (ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition עַל; Translation: “before” or “upon”; Notes: Expresses spatial orientation—before the faces of the nations.
- פְּנֵיהֶם (penehem) – Root: פנה (panah); Form: Noun masculine plural construct with suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “their faces”; Notes: Indicates personal confrontation with YHWH’s judgment symbolized by His sword.
- וְחָרְדוּ (ve-ḥardu) – Root: חרד (ḥarad); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural with prefixed conjunction וְ; Translation: “and they trembled”; Notes: Describes the emotional and physical reaction of fear among the nations.
- לִרְגָעִים (lirgaʿim) – Root: רגע (regaʿ); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine plural; Translation: “for moments”; Notes: Indicates fleeting or brief intervals of terror, emphasizing continual trembling.
- אִישׁ (ʾish) – Root: אישׁ (ʾish); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “each man”; Notes: Refers individually to every ruler or person affected by the spectacle of judgment.
- לְנַפְשׁוֹ (le-nafsho) – Root: נפשׁ (nefesh); Form: Preposition לְ + noun feminine singular with suffix 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “for his soul”; Notes: Denotes inward fear or dread concerning one’s own life.
- בְּיֹום (be-yom) – Root: יום (yom); Form: Preposition בְ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “on the day”; Notes: Marks the temporal setting of the calamity—“the day of your downfall.”
- מַפַּלְתֶּךָ (mapaltecha) – Root: נפל (nafal); Form: Noun feminine singular with suffix 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “your downfall”; Notes: Denotes collapse or destruction, marking the culmination of divine judgment.