כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה עַל־שְׁלֹשָׁה֙ פִּשְׁעֵי־צֹ֔ר וְעַל־אַרְבָּעָ֖ה לֹ֣א אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ עַֽל־הַסְגִּירָ֞ם גָּל֤וּת שְׁלֵמָה֙ לֶאֱדֹ֔ום וְלֹ֥א זָכְר֖וּ בְּרִ֥ית אַחִֽים׃
Thus says YHWH: “For three transgressions of Tsor, and for four, I will not turn it back, because they delivered up a complete captivity to ʾEdom, and did not remember the covenant of brothers.
Morphology
- כֹּ֚ה (koh) – Root: כה (koh); Form: Adverb; Translation: “Thus”; Notes: Standard prophetic formula introducing a divine oracle.
- אָמַ֣ר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “has said”; Notes: Indicates a direct and authoritative speech of YHWH.
- יְהוָ֔ה (YHWH) – Root: יהוה (YHWH); Form: Proper noun, Tetragrammaton; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The covenant name of the God of Yisraʾel.
- עַל־שְׁלֹשָׁה֙ (ʿal-sheloshah) – Root: שלשׁ (shalosh); Form: Preposition עַל + cardinal number masculine singular; Translation: “for three”; Notes: Part of the prophetic idiom “for three … and for four,” denoting repeated or compounded offenses.
- פִּשְׁעֵי־צֹ֔ר (pishʿei-Tsor) – Root: פשע (pashaʿ) + צור (Tsor); Form: Noun masculine plural construct + proper noun; Translation: “the transgressions of Tsor”; Notes: Tsor (Tyre), a Phoenician city-state, condemned for treachery and betrayal.
- וְעַל־אַרְבָּעָ֖ה (ve-ʿal-arbaʿah) – Root: ארבע (arbaʿ); Form: Conjunction + preposition עַל + cardinal number masculine singular; Translation: “and for four”; Notes: Completes the Hebrew idiom, emphasizing fullness or continuation of sin.
- לֹ֣א (lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Introduces negation to the following verb.
- אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ (ʾashivennu) – Root: שׁוב (shuv); Form: Hiphil imperfect 1st person singular + suffix 3ms; Translation: “I will not turn it back”; Notes: Expresses divine refusal to revoke judgment once decreed.
- עַֽל־הַסְגִּירָ֞ם (ʿal-hasgiram) – Root: סגר (sagar); Form: Preposition עַל + Hiphil infinitive construct + suffix 3mp; Translation: “because of their delivering up”; Notes: Causal clause indicating the reason for judgment—betrayal of captives.
- גָּל֤וּת (galut) – Root: גלה (galah); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “exile” or “captivity”; Notes: Denotes deportation or enslavement of entire populations.
- שְׁלֵמָה֙ (shelemah) – Root: שלם (shalam); Form: Adjective feminine singular; Translation: “complete” or “whole”; Notes: Stresses the totality of the exile—none were spared.
- לֶאֱדֹ֔ום (le-ʾEdom) – Root: אדום (ʾEdom); Form: Preposition לְ + proper noun; Translation: “to ʾEdom”; Notes: Refers to the nation descended from Esau; symbolizes betrayal of kinship ties.
- וְלֹ֥א (ve-lo) – Root: לא (lo); Form: Conjunction + negative particle; Translation: “and did not”; Notes: Continues the description of Tsor’s moral failure.
- זָכְר֖וּ (zakhru) – Root: זכר (zakhar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person common plural; Translation: “they remembered”; Notes: Here used negatively—“they did not remember,” highlighting moral negligence.
- בְּרִ֥ית (berit) – Root: ברית (berit); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “covenant”; Notes: Refers to a formal bond or treaty, here a moral alliance or brotherly agreement.
- אַחִֽים׃ (ʾachim) – Root: אח (ʾach); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “brothers”; Notes: Likely refers to the fraternal relationship between Tsor (Tyre) and Yisraʾel, emphasizing betrayal of trust.