Zephaniah 3:1

הֹ֥וי מֹרְאָ֖ה וְנִגְאָלָ֑ה הָעִ֖יר הַיֹּונָֽה׃

Woe to the rebellious and defiled one, the oppressing city.

Morphology

1. הֹוי (hoi) – Root: הוי (hoi); Form: Interjection; Translation: “Woe”; Notes: A prophetic cry of impending judgment.
2. מֹרְאָה (morʾah) – Root: מרה (marah); Form: Qal participle feminine singular; Translation: “rebellious”; Notes: Describes willful disobedience toward YHWH.
3. וְנִגְאָלָה (ve-nigʾalah) – Root: נגל (nagal); Form: Conjunction וְ + Nifal perfect 3fs; Translation: “and defiled”; Notes: Indicates ritual or moral impurity; feminine agreeing with “city.”
4. הָעִיר (ha-ʿir) – Root: עיר (ʿir); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the city”; Notes: The subject under condemnation.
5. הַיֹּונָה (ha-yonah) – Root: ינה (yanah); Form: Definite Qal participle feminine singular; Translation: “the oppressing”; Notes: From the verbal root meaning “to oppress,” not related to the noun for “dove.”