כִּ֗י לִפְנֵי֙ הַיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֔ם שְׂכַ֤ר הָֽאָדָם֙ לֹ֣א נִֽהְיָ֔ה וּשְׂכַ֥ר הַבְּהֵמָ֖ה אֵינֶ֑נָּה וְלַיֹּוצֵ֨א וְלַבָּ֤א אֵין־שָׁלֹום֙ מִן־הַצָּ֔ר וַאֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־כָּל־הָאָדָ֖ם אִ֥ישׁ בְּרֵעֵֽהוּ׃
For before those days the wage of the human was not, and the wage of the beast was not, and for the one going out and for the one coming in there was no peace from the adversary, and I sent every human, each against his fellow.
Morphology
- כִּי (ki) – Root: —; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “for”; Notes: Introduces an explanatory ground.
- לִפְנֵי (lifnei) – Root: פנה (panah); Form: Preposition לְ + noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “before”; Notes: Temporal marker.
- הַיָּמִים (ha-yamim) – Root: יום (yom); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the days”; Notes: Time period in view.
- הָהֵם (ha-hem) – Root: —; Form: Definite demonstrative masculine plural; Translation: “those”; Notes: Specifies the prior days.
- שְׂכַר (sekar) – Root: שׂכר (sakhar); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “wage of”; Notes: Compensation for labor.
- הָאָדָם (ha-adam) – Root: אדם (adam); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the human”; Notes: Humanity in general.
- לֹא (lo) – Root: —; Form: Negative particle; Translation: “not”; Notes: Negates the following verb.
- נִהְיָה (nihyah) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “was”; Notes: Existence denied.
- וּשְׂכַר (u-sekar) – Root: שׂכר (sakhar); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “and the wage of”; Notes: Parallel clause.
- הַבְּהֵמָה (ha-behemah) – Root: בהם (baham); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the beast”; Notes: Livestock.
- אֵינֶנָּה (einennah) – Root: —; Form: Existential negative particle with suffix 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “was not”; Notes: Denies existence of wages.
- וְלַיֹּוצֵא (ve-la-yotseʾ) – Root: יצא (yatsaʾ); Form: Conjunction וְ + preposition לְ + definite Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “and for the one going out”; Notes: Movement outward.
- וְלַבָּא (ve-la-baʾ) – Root: בוא (boʾ); Form: Conjunction וְ + preposition לְ + definite Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “and for the one coming in”; Notes: Movement inward.
- אֵין־שָׁלֹום (ein-shalom) – Root: שלם (shalem); Form: Existential negative particle + noun masculine singular; Translation: “there was no peace”; Notes: Absence of security.
- מִן־הַצָּר (min-ha-tsar) – Root: צרר (tsarar); Form: Preposition מִן + definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “from the adversary”; Notes: Source of distress.
- וַאֲשַׁלַּח (va-ashallaḥ) – Root: שלח (shalach); Form: Piel wayyiqtol (narrative past) 1st person common singular; Translation: “and I sent”; Notes: Divine causation.
- אֶת (et) – Root: —; Form: Direct object marker; Translation: —; Notes: Marks the definite object.
- כָּל־הָאָדָם (kol-ha-adam) – Root: כלל (kalal) + אדם (adam); Form: Noun masculine singular construct + definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “every human”; Notes: Totality emphasized.
- אִישׁ (ish) – Root: אנשׁ (enosh); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “each”; Notes: Distributive sense.
- בְּרֵעֵהוּ (be-reʿehu) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Preposition בְּ + noun masculine singular construct + suffix 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “against his fellow”; Notes: Mutual hostility.