Exodus 19:18

וְהַ֤ר סִינַי֙ עָשַׁ֣ן כֻּלֹּ֔ו מִ֠פְּנֵי אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָרַ֥ד עָלָ֛יו יְהוָ֖ה בָּאֵ֑שׁ וַיַּ֤עַל עֲשָׁנֹו֙ כְּעֶ֣שֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁ֔ן וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד כָּל־הָהָ֖ר מְאֹֽד׃

And Mount Sinai was all in smoke, because YHWH descended upon it in fire; and its smoke ascended like the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mountain trembled violently.

Morphology

1. וְהַ֤ר (vehar) – Root: הר (h-r); Form: Conjunction + Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “And the mountain”; Notes: Refers to Mount Sinai.
2. סִינַי֙ (Sinai) – Root: N/A; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Sinai”; Notes: The location of the event.
3. עָשַׁ֣ן (ʿashan) – Root: עשן (ʿ-sh-n); Form: Verb, Qal, Perfect, 3ms; Translation: “Was in smoke”; Notes: Indicates the appearance of the mountain.
4. כֻּלֹּ֔ו (kullō) – Root: כל (k-l); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “All of it”; Notes: Emphasizes the entirety of the mountain.
5. מִ֠פְּנֵי (mippenei) – Root: פנה (p-n-h); Form: Preposition + Noun, masculine plural construct; Translation: “Because of”; Notes: Indicates causation.
6. אֲשֶׁ֨ר (ʾasher) – Root: N/A; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “Because”; Notes: Introduces a reason.
7. יָרַ֥ד (yarad) – Root: ירד (y-r-d); Form: Verb, Qal, Perfect, 3ms; Translation: “Descended”; Notes: Refers to YHWH coming down.
8. עָלָ֛יו (ʿalav) – Root: על (ʿ-l); Form: Preposition + 3ms suffix; Translation: “Upon it”; Notes: Refers to Mount Sinai.
9. יְהוָ֖ה (YHWH) – Root: N/A; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The divine name.
10. בָּאֵ֑שׁ (baʾesh) – Root: אש (ʾ-sh); Form: Preposition + Noun, feminine singular absolute; Translation: “In fire”; Notes: Describes the manner of YHWH’s descent.
11. וַיַּ֤עַל (vayyaʿal) – Root: עלה (ʿ-l-h); Form: Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 3ms with vav consecutive; Translation: “And ascended”; Notes: Describes the movement of the smoke.
12. עֲשָׁנֹו֙ (ʿashano) – Root: עשן (ʿ-sh-n); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “Its smoke”; Notes: Refers to the smoke of the mountain.
13. כְּעֶ֣שֶׁן (keʿeshen) – Root: עשן (ʿ-sh-n); Form: Preposition + Noun, masculine singular absolute; Translation: “Like the smoke”; Notes: Indicates a comparison.
14. הַכִּבְשָׁ֔ן (hakkivshan) – Root: כבשן (k-v-sh-n); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “Of a furnace”; Notes: Describes the intensity of the smoke.
15. וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד (vayyeḥerad) – Root: חרד (ḥ-r-d); Form: Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 3ms with vav consecutive; Translation: “And trembled”; Notes: Describes the mountain’s reaction.
16. כָל־הָהָ֖ר (kol-hahar) – Root: הר (h-r); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article + construct; Translation: “The whole mountain”; Notes: Refers to Mount Sinai in its entirety.
17. מְאֹֽד׃ (meʾod) – Root: מאד (m-ʾ-d); Form: Adverb; Translation: “Greatly”; Notes: Intensifies the trembling.