כֹּה־אָמַר יְהוָה צְבָאֹות אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתֶּם רְאִיתֶם אֵת כָּל־הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתִי עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַם וְעַל כָּל־עָרֵי יְהוּדָה וְהִנָּם חָרְבָּה הַיֹּום הַזֶּה וְאֵין בָּהֶם יֹושֵׁב׃
“Thus says YHWH of Hosts, the God of Yisraʾel: ‘You yourselves have seen all the evil that I brought upon Yerushalayim and upon all the cities of Yehuda; and behold, they are a desolation this day, and there is no inhabitant in them,
Morphology
- כֹּה (koh) – Root: Particle; Form: Adverb; Translation: “thus”; Notes: Prophetic formula introducing divine speech.
- אָמַר (ʾamar) – Root: אמר (ʾamar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “says”; Notes: Indicates present, authoritative divine declaration.
- יְהוָה (YHWH) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Tetragrammaton; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: Divine name.
- צְבָאֹות (tzevaʾot) – Root: צבא (tzeva); Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “of hosts”; Notes: Title of sovereignty, ruler over heavenly and earthly armies.
- אֱלֹהֵי (ʾelohei) – Root: אלה (ʾeloah); Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “God of”; Notes: Governs the following proper noun.
- יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisraʾel) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Proper name; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the covenant people.
- אַתֶּם (ʾatem) – Root: Pronoun; Form: Independent pronoun masculine plural; Translation: “you”; Notes: Direct address to the Yehudim in Mitsrayim.
- רְאִיתֶם (reʾitem) – Root: ראה (raʾah); Form: Qal perfect 2nd person masculine plural; Translation: “you have seen”; Notes: Emphasizes eyewitness testimony.
- אֵת (ʾet) – Root: Particle; Form: Direct object marker; Translation: [no direct equivalent]; Notes: Marks the object “all the evil.”
- כָּל־הָרָעָה (kol-ha-raʿah) – Root: רעע (raʿaʿ); Form: Noun feminine singular with definite article, construct; Translation: “all the evil”; Notes: Refers to calamity, disaster, or judgment.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: Particle; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces relative clause.
- הֵבֵאתִי (heveʾti) – Root: בוא (boʾ); Form: Hifil perfect 1st person singular; Translation: “I brought”; Notes: YHWH as subject of judgment.
- עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַם (ʿal-Yerushalayim) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Preposition + proper name; Translation: “upon Yerushalayim”; Notes: The city central to covenant identity.
- וְעַל (ve-ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Conjunction + preposition; Translation: “and upon”; Notes: Extends judgment beyond Yerushalayim.
- כָּל־עָרֵי (kol-ʿarei) – Root: עיר (ʿir); Form: Noun feminine plural construct; Translation: “all the cities of”; Notes: Refers to urban centers of Yehudah.
- יְהוּדָה (Yehudah) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Proper name; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: Southern kingdom of Israel.
- וְהִנָּם (ve-hinnam) – Root: הנה (hinneh); Form: Interjection + pronominal suffix; Translation: “and behold, they”; Notes: Dramatic marker drawing attention.
- חָרְבָּה (ḥarbah) – Root: חרב (ḥarav); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “are desolate”; Notes: Indicates ruin, devastation.
- הַיֹּום (ha-yom) – Root: יום (yom); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “this day”; Notes: Emphasizes present condition.
- הַזֶּה (ha-zeh) – Root: Demonstrative; Form: Pronoun masculine singular; Translation: “this”; Notes: Deictic specification of time.
- וְאֵין (ve-ʾein) – Root: Particle; Form: Negative existential; Translation: “and there is not”; Notes: Expresses absence.
- בָּהֶם (ba-hem) – Root: ב (be) + pronoun; Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “in them”; Notes: Refers to cities of Yehudah.
- יֹושֵׁב (yoshev) – Root: ישׁב (yashav); Form: Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “inhabitant”; Notes: Indicates emptiness of the land.