עַל־מִצְרַ֣יִם וְעַל־יְהוּדָ֗ה וְעַל־אֱדֹ֞ום וְעַל־בְּנֵ֤י עַמֹּון֙ וְעַל־מֹואָ֔ב וְעַל֙ כָּל־קְצוּצֵ֣י פֵאָ֔ה הַיֹּשְׁבִ֖ים בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר כִּ֤י כָל־הַגֹּויִם֙ עֲרֵלִ֔ים וְכָל־בֵּ֥ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַרְלֵי־לֵֽב׃ ס
Upon Mitsrayim, and upon Yehuda, and upon Edom, and upon the children of ʿAmmon, and upon Moʾav, and upon all who are clipped at the corners, who dwell in the wilderness—for all the nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Yisraʾel are uncircumcised in heart.”
Morphology
- עַל (ʿal) – Root: על (ʿal); Form: Preposition; Translation: “Upon”; Notes: Introduces objects of divine judgment.
- מִצְרַיִם (Mitsrayim) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Dual form; Translation: “Mitsrayim”; Notes: Refers to Egypt.
- וְעַל־יְהוּדָה (ve-ʿal-Yehudah) – Root: יהודה (Yehudah); Form: Conjunction + preposition + proper noun; Translation: “and upon Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom of Yisraʾel.
- וְעַל־אֱדֹום (ve-ʿal-ʾEdom) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Conjunction + preposition + proper noun; Translation: “and upon Edom”; Notes: A nation southeast of Yisraʾel, kin to Esav.
- וְעַל־בְּנֵי עַמֹּון (ve-ʿal-bene ʿAmmon) – Root: בן (ben), עמון (ʿAmmon); Form: Construct phrase with preposition + proper noun; Translation: “and upon the children of ʿAmmon”; Notes: A neighboring nation east of the Jordan.
- וְעַל־מֹואָב (ve-ʿal-Moʾav) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Conjunction + preposition + proper noun; Translation: “and upon Moʾav”; Notes: Nation descended from Lot, often allied with ʿAmmon.
- וְעַל כָּל־קְצוּצֵי פֵאָה (ve-ʿal kol-qetsutsei peʾah) – Root: קצץ (qatsats), פאה (peʾah); Form: Conjunction + preposition + construct phrase; Translation: “and upon all who are clipped at the corners”; Notes: Likely a reference to specific ritual practices of desert tribes.
- הַיֹּשְׁבִים (ha-yoshevīm) – Root: ישׁב (yashav); Form: Qal participle masculine plural with definite article; Translation: “who dwell”; Notes: Describes location of those just named.
- בַּמִּדְבָּר (ba-midbar) – Root: דבר (davar); Form: Preposition + definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “in the wilderness”; Notes: Geographic reference to nomadic tribes.
- כִּי (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “For”; Notes: Introduces a justification or explanatory clause.
- כָּל־הַגֹּויִם (kol-ha-goyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Construct phrase: “all the nations”; Translation: “all the nations”; Notes: General statement of universal uncircumcision.
- עֲרֵלִים (ʿarēlim) – Root: ערל (ʿaral); Form: Adjective masculine plural; Translation: “uncircumcised”; Notes: Common term of reproach in prophetic texts.
- וְכָל־בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל (ve-kol-beit Yisraʾel) – Root: בית (beit), ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Construct phrase with conjunction; Translation: “and all the house of Yisraʾel”; Notes: Emphasizes national collective identity.
- עַרְלֵי־לֵב (ʿarlei-lev) – Root: ערל (ʿaral), לב (lev); Form: Construct form: “uncircumcised of heart”; Translation: “uncircumcised in heart”; Notes: Contrasts physical circumcision with inner rebellion or spiritual insensitivity.