וְאֵ֣סָעֲרֵ֗ם עַ֤ל כָּל־הַגֹּויִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹֽא־יְדָע֔וּם וְהָאָ֨רֶץ֙ נָשַׁ֣מָּה אַֽחֲרֵיהֶ֔ם מֵֽעֹבֵ֖ר וּמִשָּׁ֑ב וַיָּשִׂ֥ימוּ אֶֽרֶץ־חֶמְדָּ֖ה לְשַׁמָּֽה׃ פ
And I stormed them upon all the nations that did not know them, and the land was desolated after them, from passer-by and from return, and they made a land of delight into a desolation.”
Morphology
- וְאֵסָעֲרֵם (ve-esʿareim) – Root: סער (saʿar); Form: Conjunction + Hifil imperfect 1st person singular + suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and I stormed them”; Notes: Hifil conveys causing a violent tempest—metaphor for divine judgment.
- עַל (ʿal) – Root: —; Form: Preposition; Translation: “upon”; Notes: Marks the target of divine action.
- כָּל (kol) – Root: כלל (kalal); Form: Noun masculine singular construct; Translation: “all of”; Notes: Emphasizes comprehensiveness.
- הַגֹּויִם (ha-goyim) – Root: גּוי (goy); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the nations”; Notes: Refers to non-Israelite peoples.
- אֲשֶׁר (asher) – Root: —; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which / that”; Notes: Introduces a defining clause.
- לֹא־יְדָעוּם (lo-yedaʿum) – Root: ידע (yadaʿ); Form: Negative particle לֹא + Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural + suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “did not know them”; Notes: Refers to nations unfamiliar with the judged people.
- וְהָאָרֶץ (ve-ha-aretz) – Root: ארץ (erets); Form: Conjunction + definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “and the land”; Notes: Introduces consequences for the land.
- נָשַׁמָּה (nashammah) – Root: שׁמם (shamam); Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “was desolated”; Notes: Describes the result of divine judgment.
- אַחֲרֵיהֶם (acharehem) – Root: אחר (achar); Form: Preposition + suffix 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “after them”; Notes: Indicates subsequent condition of the land.
- מֵעֹבֵר (meʿover) – Root: עבר (avar); Form: Preposition מִן + Qal participle masculine singular; Translation: “from one passing through”; Notes: No passers-by remained.
- וּמִשָּׁב (u-mi-shav) – Root: שׁוב (shuv); Form: Conjunction + preposition מִן + Qal infinitive construct; Translation: “and from returning”; Notes: Expresses complete absence of movement through the land.
- וַיָּשִׂימוּ (va-yasimū) – Root: שׂים (sim); Form: Qal wayyiqtol (narrative past) 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they made”; Notes: Likely refers to the nations or the judged people’s actions.
- אֶרֶץ־חֶמְדָּה (erets-ḥemdah) – Root: חמד (ḥamad); Form: Noun feminine singular construct + noun feminine singular; Translation: “a land of delight”; Notes: A title for the desirable land of Yisraʾel.
- לְשַׁמָּה (le-shammah) – Root: שׁמם (shamam); Form: Preposition לְ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “to desolation”; Notes: Indicates purpose or result.
- פ (pe) – Root: —; Form: Masoretic section marker; Translation: —; Notes: Marks a parashah break.