הָרִים֙ רָעֲשׁ֣וּ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ וְהַגְּבָעֹ֖ות הִתְמֹגָ֑גוּ וַתִּשָּׂ֤א הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ מִפָּנָ֔יו וְתֵבֵ֖ל וְכָל־יֹ֥שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ׃
The mountains shook from him, and the hills melted. And the earth lifted up before him, and the world and all who dwell in her.
Morphology
- הָרִים (harim) – Root: הר (har); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Represents creation’s most stable features reacting to YHWH’s presence.
- רָעֲשׁוּ (raʿashu) – Root: רעשׁ (raʿash); Form: Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural; Translation: “shook”; Notes: Depicts violent trembling caused by divine presence.
- מִמֶּנּוּ (mi-mennu) – Root: מן (min); Form: Preposition מִן + suffix 3ms; Translation: “from him”; Notes: Indicates cause—his presence produces the shaking.
- וְהַגְּבָעֹות (ve-ha-gevʿot) – Root: גבעה (gevaʿah); Form: Conjunction וְ + definite noun feminine plural; Translation: “and the hills”; Notes: Parallels the mountains, emphasizing cosmic upheaval.
- הִתְמֹגָגוּ (hitmogagu) – Root: מוג (mug); Form: Hitpael perfect 3rd masculine plural; Translation: “melted”; Notes: Reflexive/intensive form describing dissolution before divine power.
- וַתִּשָּׂא (va-tissa) – Root: נשא (nasaʾ); Form: Conjunction וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3fs; Translation: “and she lifted up”; Notes: The earth is the subject.
- הָאָרֶץ (ha-arets) – Root: ארץ (ʾerets); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the earth”; Notes: The inhabited land reacting to divine presence.
- מִפָּנָיו (mi-panav) – Root: פנה (panah); Form: Preposition מִן + noun masculine plural construct + suffix 3ms; Translation: “before him”; Notes: Indicates overwhelming divine nearness.
- וְתֵבֵל (ve-tevel) – Root: תבל (tevel); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun feminine singular; Translation: “and the world”; Notes: A poetic term for the inhabited world.
- וְכָל (ve-khol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular in construct; Translation: “and all of”; Notes: Introduces totality of inhabitants.
- יֹשְׁבֵי (yoshvei) – Root: ישׁב (yashav); Form: Qal participle masculine plural construct; Translation: “those dwelling”; Notes: Refers broadly to all inhabitants.
- בָּהּ (bah) – Root: ב (be); Form: Preposition בְּ + suffix 3fs; Translation: “in her”; Notes: Refers back to the earth/world as feminine.