1 Kings 16:11

וַיְהִ֨י בְמָלְכֹ֜ו כְּשִׁבְתֹּ֣ו עַל־כִּסְאֹ֗ו הִכָּה֙ אֶת־כָּל־בֵּ֣ית בַּעְשָׁ֔א לֹֽא־הִשְׁאִ֥יר לֹ֖ו מַשְׁתִּ֣ין בְּקִ֑יר וְגֹאֲלָ֖יו וְרֵעֵֽהוּ׃

And it happened when he reigned, as he sat on his throne, he struck all the house of Baʿsha; he did not leave to him one who urinates against a wall, neither his avengers nor his companions.

Morphology

1. וַיְהִ֨י (va-yehi) – Root: היה (hayah); Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3ms; Translation: “And it happened”; Notes: Introduces a narrative event or transition.
2. בְמָלְכֹ֜ו (be-malkho) – Root: מלך (malakh); Form: Preposition + Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “when he reigned”; Notes: Temporal clause expressing beginning of reign.
3. כְּשִׁבְתֹּ֣ו (ke-shivto) – Root: ישׁב (yashav); Form: Preposition + Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix; Translation: “as he sat”; Notes: Temporal marker paralleling previous clause.
4. עַל־כִּסְאֹ֗ו (ʿal-kisʾo) – Root: כסא (kisse); Form: Preposition + noun, masculine singular + 3ms suffix; Translation: “on his throne”; Notes: Symbol of royal authority.
5. הִכָּה֙ (hikkah) – Root: נכה (nakah); Form: Hifil perfect 3ms; Translation: “he struck”; Notes: Describes execution or elimination.
6. אֶת־כָּל־בֵּ֣ית (et-kol-beit) – Root: בית (bayit); Form: Direct object marker + construct chain; Translation: “all the house of”; Notes: Refers to the dynasty or family.
7. בַּעְשָׁ֔א (Baʿsha) – Root: בעשא (Baʿsha); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Baʿsha”; Notes: King whose entire house was exterminated.
8. לֹֽא־הִשְׁאִ֥יר (lo-hishʾir) – Root: שׁאר (shaʾar); Form: Negative particle + Hifil perfect 3ms; Translation: “he did not leave”; Notes: Total eradication emphasized.
9. לֹ֖ו (lo) – Root: הוא (hu); Form: Preposition + 3ms suffix; Translation: “to him”; Notes: Refers back to Baʿsha.
10. מַשְׁתִּ֣ין (mashtin) – Root: שׁתן (shatan); Form: Hifil participle masculine singular; Translation: “one who urinates”; Notes: Euphemism for male; vulgar idiom indicating complete male extermination.
11. בְּקִ֑יר (ba-qir) – Root: קיר (qir); Form: Preposition + definite noun, masculine singular; Translation: “against a wall”; Notes: Completes the idiom for male eradication.
12. וְגֹאֲלָ֖יו (ve-goʾalav) – Root: גאל (gaʾal); Form: Conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 3ms suffix; Translation: “and his avengers”; Notes: Possibly blood-redeemers or loyalists.
13. וְרֵעֵֽהוּ (ve-reʿehu) – Root: רעע (reaʿ); Form: Conjunction + noun, masculine singular + 3ms suffix; Translation: “and his companion”; Notes: Refers to allies or associates.