וְאֵ֤לֶּה הַגֹּויִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הִנִּ֣יחַ יְהוָ֔ה לְנַסֹּ֥ות בָּ֖ם אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אֵ֚ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹֽא־יָדְע֔וּ אֵ֖ת כָּל־מִלְחֲמֹ֥ות כְּנָֽעַן׃
And these are the nations that YHWH left to test Yisraʾel, all who had not known all the wars of Kenaʿan.
Morphology
- וְאֵ֤לֶּה (ve-eleh) – Root: אלה (eleh); Form: Demonstrative pronoun, masculine plural; Translation: “And these”; Notes: Introduces the subject.
- הַגֹּויִם֙ (haggoyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Noun, masculine plural absolute with definite article; Translation: “the nations”; Notes: Refers to non-Israelite peoples left in the land.
- אֲשֶׁ֣ר (asher) – Root: אשר (asher); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces the clause describing the nations.
- הִנִּ֣יחַ (hinniyaḥ) – Root: נוח (nuḥ); Form: Hifil perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “He left”; Notes: Refers to YHWH leaving the nations in place.
- יְהוָ֔ה (YHWH) – Root: יהוה (YHWH); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “YHWH”; Notes: The subject of the action.
- לְנַסֹּ֥ות (le-nassot) – Root: נסה (nasah); Form: Piel infinitive construct with preposition; Translation: “to test”; Notes: Expresses purpose.
- בָּ֖ם (bam) – Root: בם (bam); Form: Preposition with 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “in them”; Notes: Refers to Yisraʾel.
- אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל (et-Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Proper noun with direct object marker; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: The object of testing.
- אֵ֚ת (et) – Root: את (et); Form: Direct object marker; Translation: “[sign of the direct object]”; Notes: Marks the upcoming clause.
- כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר (kol-asher) – Root: כל (kol), אשר (asher); Form: Noun, masculine singular construct with relative pronoun; Translation: “all who”; Notes: Refers to those who lacked experience in war.
- לֹֽא־יָדְע֔וּ (lo-yadʿu) – Root: ידע (yadaʿ); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “had not known”; Notes: Refers to those unfamiliar with war.
- אֵ֖ת (et) – Root: את (et); Form: Direct object marker; Translation: “[sign of the direct object]”; Notes: Marks the object.
- כָּל־מִלְחֲמֹ֥ות (kol-milḥamot) – Root: מלחמה (milḥamah); Form: Noun, feminine plural absolute; Translation: “all the wars”; Notes: Refers to the battles fought for Kenaʿan.
- כְּנָֽעַן (Kenaʿan) – Root: כנען (Kenaʿan); Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Kenaʿan”; Notes: Refers to the land and its inhabitants.