וְרָעֲשׁ֣וּ מִפָּנַ֡י דְּגֵ֣י הַיָּם֩ וְעֹ֨וף הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם וְחַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֗ה וְכָל־הָרֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ הָרֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל־הָֽאֲדָמָ֔ה וְכֹל֙ הָֽאָדָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֣י הָאֲדָמָ֑ה וְנֶהֶרְס֣וּ הֶהָרִ֗ים וְנָֽפְלוּ֙ הַמַּדְרֵגֹ֔ות וְכָל־חֹומָ֖ה לָאָ֥רֶץ תִּפֹּֽול׃
And the fish of the sea, and the bird of the heavens, and the beast of the field shall quake before Me, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the ground, and every man that is upon the face of the ground; and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the terraces shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the earth.
Morphology
- וְרָעֲשׁוּ (ve-raʿashu) – Root: רעשׁ (raʿash); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3rd person common plural; Translation: “and they shall quake”; Notes: Refers to the trembling of all living creatures before YHWH’s presence.
- מִפָּנַי (mippānay) – Root: פנה (panāh); Form: Preposition מִן + noun masculine plural construct “faces” + suffix 1cs; Translation: “before Me”; Notes: Indicates the cause of fear or trembling—YHWH’s presence.
- דְּגֵי (degei) – Root: דג (dag); Form: Noun masculine plural construct; Translation: “fish of”; Notes: Construct form linking to “sea.”
- הַיָּם (ha-yam) – Root: ים (yam); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the sea”; Notes: Refers to all aquatic life within the oceans.
- וְעֹוף (ve-ʿof) – Root: עוף (ʿuf); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular absolute; Translation: “and the bird”; Notes: Generic term for birds and flying creatures.
- הַשָּׁמַיִם (ha-shāmayim) – Root: שׁמים (shāmayim); Form: Definite dual noun masculine; Translation: “the heavens”; Notes: Refers to the sky or the realm of flight.
- וְחַיַּת (ve-ḥayyat) – Root: חיה (ḥāyāh); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “and the beast of”; Notes: Construct state linking to “field.”
- הַשָּׂדֶה (ha-sādeh) – Root: שׂדה (sādeh); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the field”; Notes: Represents the wild or open land where beasts dwell.
- וְכָל־הָרֶמֶשׂ (ve-khol-ha-remes) – Root: רמשׂ (rāmas); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular “every” + definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “and every creeping thing”; Notes: Refers to small land creatures or reptiles.
- הָרֹמֵשׂ (ha-romēs) – Root: רמשׂ (rāmas); Form: Definite participle Qal masculine singular; Translation: “that creeps”; Notes: Modifies “creeping thing” describing its continuous motion.
- עַל־הָאֲדָמָה (ʿal-ha-ʾadāmāh) – Root: אדמה (ʾadāmāh); Form: Preposition עַל + definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “upon the ground”; Notes: Indicates the location of creeping creatures.
- וְכֹל (ve-khol) – Root: כל (kol); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular; Translation: “and every”; Notes: Introduces the next category of beings affected by divine judgment.
- הָאָדָם (ha-ʾādām) – Root: אדם (ʾādam); Form: Definite noun masculine singular; Translation: “the man” / “mankind”; Notes: Refers collectively to human beings.
- אֲשֶׁר (ʾasher) – Root: —; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces the relative clause modifying “man.”
- עַל־פְּנֵי (ʿal-penē) – Root: פנה (panāh); Form: Preposition עַל + noun masculine plural construct “faces”; Translation: “upon the face of”; Notes: Common biblical idiom meaning “on the surface of.”
- הָאֲדָמָה (ha-ʾadāmāh) – Root: אדמה (ʾadāmāh); Form: Definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “the ground”; Notes: Repeated for emphasis, denoting the earth’s surface.
- וְנֶהֶרְסוּ (ve-nehersu) – Root: הרס (hāras); Form: Conjunction וְ + Nifal perfect 3rd person common plural; Translation: “and they shall be thrown down”; Notes: Passive form—indicates divine causation of destruction.
- הֶהָרִים (he-hārim) – Root: הר (har); Form: Definite noun masculine plural; Translation: “the mountains”; Notes: Symbol of stability now collapsing under divine power.
- וְנָפְלוּ (ve-nafelu) – Root: נפל (nāfal); Form: Conjunction וְ + Qal perfect 3rd person common plural; Translation: “and they shall fall”; Notes: Parallel verb to “be thrown down,” describing total collapse.
- הַמַּדְרֵגֹות (ha-madregot) – Root: מדרגה (madregāh); Form: Definite noun feminine plural; Translation: “the terraces” / “steps”; Notes: Refers to terraced structures or slopes that will collapse.
- וְכָל־חֹומָה (ve-khol-ḥomāh) – Root: חמה (ḥomāh); Form: Conjunction וְ + noun masculine singular “every” + noun feminine singular; Translation: “and every wall”; Notes: Symbol of human fortifications—nothing remains standing.
- לָאָרֶץ (la-ʾārets) – Root: ארץ (ʾārets); Form: Preposition לְ + definite noun feminine singular; Translation: “to the earth”; Notes: Indicates the direction of collapse.
- תִּפֹּול (tippol) – Root: נפל (nāfal); Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “shall fall”; Notes: Refers to the final collapse of all structures, emphasizing the totality of destruction.