Exodus 23:1

לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע לִהְיֹ֖ת עֵ֥ד חָמָֽס׃

You shall not spread a false report. Do not join your hand with the wicked to be a false witness.

Morphology

1. לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א (lo tissa) – Root: נשא (n-s-ʾ); Form: Negative particle + Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 2ms; Translation: “You shall not spread”; Notes: Prohibition against carrying or spreading something false.
2. שֵׁ֣מַע (shemaʿ) – Root: שמע (sh-m-ʿ); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “Report”; Notes: Refers to information or testimony.
3. שָׁ֑וְא (shav) – Root: שוא (sh-v); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “False”; Notes: Indicates something deceitful or vain.
4. אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת (ʾal-tashet) – Root: שתה (sh-t-h); Form: Negative particle + Verb, Qal, Imperfect, 2ms; Translation: “Do not join”; Notes: Prohibition against aligning oneself with another’s actions.
5. יָֽדְךָ֙ (yadkha) – Root: יד (y-d); Form: Noun, feminine singular construct with 2ms suffix; Translation: “Your hand”; Notes: Metaphorically indicates involvement or agreement.
6. עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע (ʿim-rasha) – Root: רשע (r-sh-ʿ); Form: Preposition + Adjective, masculine singular; Translation: “With the wicked”; Notes: Refers to an evildoer or unjust person.
7. לִהְיֹ֖ת (lihyot) – Root: היה (h-y-h); Form: Preposition + Infinitive construct; Translation: “To be”; Notes: Introduces the purpose of the prohibition.
8. עֵ֥ד (ʿed) – Root: עוד (ʿ-w-d); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “Witness”; Notes: Refers to someone who gives testimony.
9. חָמָֽס (ḥamas) – Root: חמס (ḥ-m-s); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “Falsehood”; Notes: Indicates violence, corruption, or injustice.