כִּ֣י שַׁדְמֹות֩ חֶשְׁבֹּ֨ון אֻמְלָ֜ל גֶּ֣פֶן שִׂבְמָ֗ה בַּעֲלֵ֤י גֹויִם֙ הָלְמ֣וּ שְׂרוּקֶּ֔יהָ עַד־יַעְזֵ֥ר נָגָ֖עוּ תָּ֣עוּ מִדְבָּ֑ר שְׁלֻ֣חֹותֶ֔יהָ נִטְּשׁ֖וּ עָ֥בְרוּ יָֽם׃
For the fields of Ḥeshbon have languished, the vine of Sivma; the lords of the nations have struck down its choice branches, they reached to Yaʿzer, they wandered into the wilderness; its shoots were spread out, they crossed over the sea.
Morphology
- כִּי (ki) – Root: כי; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “For”; Notes: Introduces the reason for the lament.
- שַׁדְמֹות (shadmot) – Root: שׂדה (sadeh); Form: Plural construct feminine; Translation: “fields of”; Notes: Refers to cultivated lands.
- חֶשְׁבּוֹן (Ḥeshbon) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Place name; Translation: “Ḥeshbon”; Notes: A prominent Moabite city.
- אֻמְלָל (umlal) – Root: אמל (ʾamal); Form: Pual perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “have languished”; Notes: Indicates a state of devastation or ruin.
- גֶּפֶן (gefen) – Root: גפן (gefen); Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “vine”; Notes: Symbol of agricultural prosperity.
- שִׂבְמָה (Sivmah) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Feminine place name; Translation: “Sivmah”; Notes: A city known for its vineyards.
- בַּעֲלֵי (baʿalei) – Root: בעל (baʿal); Form: Plural construct masculine; Translation: “lords of”; Notes: Refers to ruling powers or nations.
- גּוֹיִם (goyim) – Root: גוי (goy); Form: Noun masculine plural; Translation: “nations”; Notes: Foreign powers who attack Moʾav’s land.
- הָלְמוּ (halmu) – Root: הלם (halam); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “have struck”; Notes: Violent attack or blow.
- שְׂרוּקֶּיהָ (seruqeha) – Root: שרק (sharaq); Form: Noun masculine plural with 3rd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “its choice branches”; Notes: Refers to prized vines or shoots.
- עַד (ʿad) – Root: –; Form: Preposition; Translation: “unto”; Notes: Marks the geographical extent.
- יַעְזֵר (Yaʿzer) – Root: Proper noun; Form: Place name; Translation: “Yaʿzer”; Notes: City bordering Moʾav and Gad.
- נָגָעוּ (nagaʿu) – Root: נגע (nagaʿ); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they reached”; Notes: Implies physical or geographical extension.
- תָּעוּ (taʿu) – Root: תעה (taʿah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they wandered”; Notes: Describes being lost or moving aimlessly.
- מִדְבָּר (midbar) – Root: דבר (davar); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “wilderness”; Notes: Indicates desolation.
- שְׁלֻחוֹתֶיהָ (sheluḥoteha) – Root: שלח (shalaḥ); Form: Noun feminine plural with 3rd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “her branches” or “extensions”; Notes: Refers metaphorically to vines or influence.
- נִטְּשׁוּ (nitteshu) – Root: נטש (natash); Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they were spread out” or “abandoned”; Notes: Can also imply being forsaken.
- עָבְרוּ (ʿavru) – Root: עבר (ʿavar); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they crossed”; Notes: Suggests extension beyond natural borders.
- יָם (yam) – Root: ים (yam); Form: Noun masculine singular; Translation: “sea”; Notes: Represents vast distance or foreign boundary.