Isaiah 48:5

וָאַגִּ֤יד לְךָ֙ מֵאָ֔ז בְּטֶ֥רֶם תָּבֹ֖וא הִשְׁמַעְתִּ֑יךָ פֶּן־תֹּאמַר֙ עָצְבִּ֣י עָשָׂ֔ם וּפִסְלִ֥י וְנִסְכִּ֖י צִוָּֽם׃

And I declared it to you from of old, before it came I caused you to hear it, lest you should say, “My idol did them, and my graven image and my molten image commanded them.”

Morphology

1. וָאַגִּיד (va-aggid) – Root: נגד; Form: Hifil wayyiqtol 1st person singular; Translation: “And I declared”; Notes: Causative form—God made the message known in advance.
2. לְךָ (lekha) – Root: לך; Form: Preposition + 2nd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “to you”; Notes: Directs the speech to the audience.
3. מֵאָז (meʾaz) – Root: אז; Form: Preposition + adverb; Translation: “from of old”; Notes: Emphasizes divine foreknowledge and pre-announcement.
4. בְּטֶרֶם (be-terem) – Root: טרם; Form: Preposition + temporal adverb; Translation: “before”; Notes: Sets a time reference prior to the event.
5. תָּבֹוא (tavo) – Root: בוא; Form: Qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular; Translation: “it came”; Notes: Refers to the prophesied event or fulfillment.
6. הִשְׁמַעְתִּיךָ (hishmaʿtikha) – Root: שׁמע; Form: Hifil perfect 1st person singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix; Translation: “I caused you to hear”; Notes: Causative—God ensured the message was heard beforehand.
7. פֶּן (pen) – Root: פן; Form: Conjunction; Translation: “lest”; Notes: Introduces a preventive purpose clause.
8. תֹּאמַר (toʾmar) – Root: אמר; Form: Qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular; Translation: “you should say”; Notes: Verb of speech in a hypothetical context.
9. עָצְבִּי (ʿatsbi) – Root: עצב; Form: Noun masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “my idol”; Notes: Refers to a crafted object of worship.
10. עָשָׂם (ʿasam) – Root: עשה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “did them”; Notes: False attribution of divine acts to idols.
11. וּפִסְלִי (u-fisli) – Root: פסל; Form: Conjunction + noun masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “and my graven image”; Notes: Highlights another form of idolatry.
12. וְנִסְכִּי (ve-niski) – Root: נסך; Form: Conjunction + noun masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “and my molten image”; Notes: A cast or poured image, another type of idol.
13. צִוָּם (tsiwwam) – Root: צוה; Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “commanded them”; Notes: Accusation that idols commanded actions which YHWH had prophesied.