וַיהוָ֤ה צְבָאֹות֙ הַנֹּוטֵ֣עַ אֹותָ֔ךְ דִּבֶּ֥ר עָלַ֖יִךְ רָעָ֑ה בִּ֠גְלַל רָעַ֨ת בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל וּבֵ֣ית יְהוּדָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשׂ֥וּ לָהֶ֛ם לְהַכְעִסֵ֖נִי לְקַטֵּ֥ר לַבָּֽעַל׃ ס
And YHWH of Hosts, who planted you, has spoken evil against you, because of the evil of the house of Yisraʾel and the house of Yehuda, which they have done to themselves, to provoke Me by burning incense to the Baʿal.
Morphology
- וַיהוָ֤ה (va-YHWH) – Root: הוה; Form: Conjunction + proper noun; Translation: “And YHWH”; Notes: Subject of the sentence, marked by conjunctive waw.
- צְבָאֹות (tsevaʾot) – Root: צבא; Form: Noun, masculine plural in construct; Translation: “of armies”; Notes: Often used as a divine epithet “YHWH of armies.”
- הַנֹּוטֵעַ (ha-noṭeʿaʿ) – Root: נטע; Form: Hifil participle masculine singular with article; Translation: “who planted”; Notes: Describes YHWH as the one who planted (metaphor for establishing).
- אֹותָךְ (otakh) – Root: את; Form: Direct object marker with 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “you”; Notes: Feminine singular—referring to the nation (Yisraʾel).
- דִּבֶּר (dibber) – Root: דבר; Form: Piel perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “has spoken”; Usage Notes: Piel intensifies the act of declaring or decreeing.
- עָלַיִךְ (ʿalayikh) – Root: על; Form: Preposition + 2nd person feminine singular suffix; Translation: “against you”; Notes: Emphasizes judgment directed toward Yisraʾel.
- רָעָה (raʿah) – Root: רעע; Form: Noun feminine singular; Translation: “evil”; Notes: The object of “has spoken.”
- בִּגְלַל (biglal) – Root: גלל; Form: Preposition; Translation: “because of”; Notes: Introduces reason.
- רָעַת (raʿat) – Root: רעע; Form: Noun feminine singular construct; Translation: “evil of”; Notes: Construct with following phrase.
- בֵּית־יִשְׂרָאֵל (beit-Yisraʾel) – Root: בית; Form: Construct noun masculine singular + proper noun; Translation: “house of Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the northern kingdom.
- וּבֵית (u-beit) – Root: בית; Form: Conjunction + construct noun masculine singular; Translation: “and house of”; Notes: Conjoins Yehudah with Yisraʾel.
- יְהוּדָה (Yehudah) – Root: יהודה; Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Yehudah”; Notes: Refers to the southern kingdom.
- אֲשֶׁר (asher) – Root: אשר; Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “which”; Notes: Introduces a relative clause.
- עָשׂוּ (ʿasu) – Root: עשה; Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they have done”; Notes: Refers to both houses collectively.
- לָהֶם (lahem) – Root: הם; Form: Preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix; Translation: “to themselves”; Notes: Indicates the action was to their own detriment.
- לְהַכְעִסֵנִי (le-hakhʿiseni) – Root: כעס; Form: Hifil infinitive construct with 1st person singular suffix; Translation: “to provoke Me”; Notes: Hifil form emphasizes intentional provocation.
- לְקַטֵּר (le-qatter) – Root: קטר; Form: Piel infinitive construct; Translation: “to burn incense”; Usage Notes: Piel expresses ritual act of offering incense.
- לַבָּעַל (la-Baʿal) – Root: בעל; Form: Preposition + proper noun with article; Translation: “to the Baʿal”; Notes: Refers to pagan deity; object of the idolatrous incense offering.