וְאִ֨ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל רָאוּ֙ כִּ֣י צַר־לֹ֔ו כִּ֥י נִגַּ֖שׂ הָעָ֑ם וַיִּֽתְחַבְּא֣וּ הָעָ֗ם בַּמְּעָרֹ֤ות וּבַֽחֲוָחִים֙ וּבַסְּלָעִ֔ים וּבַצְּרִחִ֖ים וּבַבֹּרֹֽות׃
And the men of Yisraʾel saw that it was distressing for them, because the people were pressed, and the people hid in the caves, and in the thickets, and in the rocks, and in the strongholds, and in the pits.
Morphology
- וְאִ֨ישׁ (ve-ʾish) – Root: איש (ʾish); Form: Noun, masculine singular; Translation: “And a man”; Notes: Collective reference to the men of Yisraʾel.
- יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל (Yisraʾel) – Root: ישראל (Yisraʾel); Form: Proper noun, singular; Translation: “Yisraʾel”; Notes: Refers to the people of Yisraʾel.
- רָאוּ֙ (raʾu) – Root: ראה (raʾah); Form: Qal perfect 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “they saw”; Notes: Denotes completed perception.
- כִּ֣י (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “that”; Notes: Introduces reason.
- צַר־ (tsar) – Root: צר (tsar); Form: Adjective, masculine singular construct; Translation: “distressing”; Notes: Describes difficulty.
- לֹ֔ו (lo) – Root: לו (lo); Form: Preposition with 3rd person masculine singular pronominal suffix; Translation: “for him”; Notes: Indicates possession or impact.
- כִּ֥י (ki) – Root: כי (ki); Form: Conjunction; Translation: “because”; Notes: Introduces causal explanation.
- נִגַּ֖שׂ (niggash) – Root: נגש (niggash); Form: Nifal perfect 3rd person masculine singular; Translation: “was pressed”; Notes: Reflexive/passive nuance.
- הָעָ֑ם (ha-ʿam) – Root: עם (ʿam); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “the people”; Notes: Refers to Yisraʾel.
- וַיִּֽתְחַבְּא֣וּ (vayyitḥabbeʾu) – Root: חבא (ḥavaʾ); Form: Hitpael wayyiqtol (sequential imperfect) 3rd person masculine plural; Translation: “and they hid themselves”; Notes: Reflexive form of the verb.
- הָעָ֗ם (ha-ʿam) – Root: עם (ʿam); Form: Noun, masculine singular absolute with definite article; Translation: “the people”; Notes: Repetition for emphasis.
- בַּמְּעָרֹ֤ות (ba-meʿarot) – Root: מערה (meʿarah); Form: Noun, feminine plural with preposition; Translation: “in the caves”; Notes: Indicates hiding places.
- וּבַֽחֲוָחִים֙ (u-vaḥavaḥim) – Root: חוח (ḥoaḥ); Form: Noun, masculine plural with preposition; Translation: “and in the thickets”; Notes: Dense undergrowth.
- וּבַסְּלָעִ֔ים (u-va-selaʿim) – Root: סלע (selaʿ); Form: Noun, masculine plural with preposition; Translation: “and in the rocks”; Notes: Refers to rocky formations.
- וּבַצְּרִחִ֖ים (u-va-tseriḥim) – Root: צרח (tseraḥ); Form: Noun, masculine plural with preposition; Translation: “and in the strongholds”; Notes: Defensive locations.
- וּבַבֹּרֹֽות (u-va-borot) – Root: בור (bor); Form: Noun, masculine plural with preposition; Translation: “and in the pits”; Notes: Underground hiding places.