וַיִּפְשַׁ֣ע אֱדֹ֗ום מִתַּ֨חַת֙ יַד־יְהוּדָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיֹּ֣ום הַזֶּ֑ה אָ֛ז תִּפְשַׁ֥ע לִבְנָ֖ה בָּעֵ֥ת הַהִֽיא׃
And Edom rebelled from under the hand of Yehuda until this day; then Livna rebelled at that time.
Morphology
- וַיִּפְשַׁע (va-yifshaʿ) – Root: פשע; Form: Qal wayyiqtol 3ms; Translation: “And rebelled”; Notes: Repeated action emphasizing Edom’s break from Yehudah.
- אֱדֹום (ʾEdom) – Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Edom”; Notes: Nation formerly subject to Yehudah.
- מִתַּחַת (mi-taḥat) – Root: תחת; Form: Preposition with mem prefix; Translation: “from under”; Notes: Indicates political independence.
- יַד־יְהוּדָה (yad-Yehudah) – Root: יד, יהודה; Form: Construct noun + proper noun; Translation: “the hand of Yehudah”; Notes: Metaphor for authority or control.
- עַד (ʿad) – Root: עד; Form: Preposition; Translation: “until”; Notes: Sets the temporal limit.
- הַיֹּום (ha-yom) – Root: יום; Form: Noun masculine singular with article; Translation: “the day”; Notes: Refers to the time of the writer or narrator.
- הַזֶּה (ha-zeh) – Root: זה; Form: Demonstrative pronoun masculine singular; Translation: “this”; Notes: Modifies “day”.
- אָז (ʾaz) – Root: אז; Form: Temporal adverb; Translation: “then”; Notes: Indicates sequence in time.
- תִּפְשַׁע (tifshaʿ) – Root: פשע; Form: Qal imperfect 3fs; Translation: “rebelled”; Notes: Refers to a new subject, Livnah.
- לִבְנָה (Livnah) – Form: Proper noun; Translation: “Livnah”; Notes: A city in Yehudah.
- בָּעֵת (ba-ʿet) – Root: עת; Form: Preposition + noun feminine singular; Translation: “at the time”; Notes: Introduces temporal context.
- הַהִיא (ha-hiʾ) – Root: הוא; Form: Demonstrative pronoun feminine singular; Translation: “that”; Notes: Modifies “time” with specificity.