וְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֵֽין־לֹ֜ו סְנַפִּ֣יר וְקַשְׂקֶ֗שֶׂת בַּיַּמִּים֙ וּבַנְּחָלִ֔ים מִכֹּל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הַמַּ֔יִם וּמִכֹּ֛ל נֶ֥פֶשׁ הַחַיָּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּמָּ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ הֵ֖ם לָכֶֽם׃
And whatever does not have fins and scales in the seas and in the rivers, from all that swarms in the waters and from all living creatures that are in the waters, they are detestable to you.
Morphology
- וְכֹל֩ (vekol) – Root: כל (k-l); Form: Conjunction + noun, ms; Translation: “And whatever”; Notes: Introduces a prohibition for aquatic creatures.
- אֲשֶׁ֨ר (asher) – Root: אשר (ʾ-sh-r); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “That”; Notes: Connects the clause describing disqualifying characteristics.
- אֵֽין־לֹ֜ו (ein-lo) – Root: אין (ʾ-y-n) + לו (l-w); Form: Negative particle + preposition + pronoun, 3ms; Translation: “Does not have”; Notes: Indicates absence of required features.
- סְנַפִּ֣יר (snapir) – Root: סנפיר (s-n-p-y-r); Form: Noun, ms; Translation: “Fins”; Notes: A required feature of permissible aquatic creatures.
- וְקַשְׂקֶ֗שֶׂת (veqasqeset) – Root: קשקש (q-s-q-sh); Form: Conjunction + noun, fs; Translation: “And scales”; Notes: Another required feature of permissible aquatic creatures.
- בַּיַּמִּים֙ (bayyammim) – Root: ים (y-m); Form: Preposition + noun, mp; Translation: “In the seas”; Notes: Refers to saltwater environments.
- וּבַנְּחָלִ֔ים (ubannehhalim) – Root: נחל (n-ḥ-l); Form: Conjunction + preposition + noun, mp; Translation: “And in the rivers”; Notes: Refers to freshwater environments.
- מִכֹּל֙ (mikol) – Root: כל (k-l); Form: Preposition + noun, ms construct; Translation: “From all”; Notes: Specifies a broad category of aquatic creatures.
- שֶׁ֣רֶץ (sheretz) – Root: שרץ (sh-r-ṣ); Form: Noun, ms; Translation: “That swarms”; Notes: Refers to small aquatic creatures.
- הַמַּ֔יִם (hammayim) – Root: מים (m-y-m); Form: Noun, mp; Translation: “The waters”; Notes: Refers to aquatic environments.
- וּמִכֹּ֛ל (umikol) – Root: כל (k-l); Form: Conjunction + preposition + noun, ms construct; Translation: “And from all”; Notes: Expands the category of creatures.
- נֶ֥פֶשׁ (nefesh) – Root: נפש (n-p-sh); Form: Noun, fs; Translation: “Living creatures”; Notes: Refers to life forms in the water.
- הַחַיָּ֖ה (hachayyah) – Root: חיה (ḥ-y-h); Form: Noun, fs; Translation: “That are alive”; Notes: Emphasizes living aquatic creatures.
- אֲשֶׁ֣ר (asher) – Root: אשר (ʾ-sh-r); Form: Relative pronoun; Translation: “That”; Notes: Connects the descriptive clause.
- בַּמָּ֑יִם (bammayim) – Root: מים (m-y-m); Form: Preposition + noun, mp; Translation: “In the waters”; Notes: Refers to the habitat.
- שֶׁ֥קֶץ (sheqetz) – Root: שקץ (sh-q-ṣ); Form: Noun, ms; Translation: “Detestable”; Notes: Refers to unclean or abominable creatures.
- הֵ֖ם (hem) – Root: הוא (h-w); Form: Pronoun, 3mp; Translation: “They”; Notes: Refers to unclean aquatic creatures.
- לָכֶֽם (lakhem) – Root: ל (l); Form: Preposition + 2mp suffix; Translation: “To you”; Notes: Directs the prohibition to the Israelites.